一次夏季雷暴天气过程中闪电活动特征分析

利用探空资料、多普勒天气雷达和闪电定位仪数据,分析了2009年7月30日发生在南京地区一次雷暴天气过程的雷达及闪电数据时空演变特征。结果表明：对流有效位能Ecap比起K指数（IK）等对于对流潜势预报具有更明显的指示作用,0 ℃层和-10 ℃层高度的降低有利于雷暴云的雷电活动;整个过程以负闪为主导,闪电强度越大,闪电频数也越高,每次闪电峰值后,都对应一次谷值;闪电数据与多普勒天气雷达回波叠加后分析发现,回波的生消演变对应着闪电频数和强度的生消演变,负闪主要落在强回波中心区域,正闪零星分布于回波强度梯度较大的区域;雷达径向速度图像特征变化更能揭示闪电发生发展的机制,逆风区对应雷暴中心区域,不仅是强降水的中心区也是闪电的中心区,对逆风区的识别监测能够更好的指导雷暴预警报工作;利用雷达数据计算的云底动能施力参量,能够很好的描述支持闪电起电的热动力特征,云底动能施力对雷电增长的贡献有一段持续传输过程,该参量峰值比频闪峰值和强度峰值都约有0.5 h的提前量。     

Using Chlorine Dioxide to Remove the Fouling of Ultrafiltration Membrane and Control Disinfection By‐Products

Ultrafiltration (UF) can remove natural organic matter (NOM) effectively. Moreover, chlorine dioxide (ClO₂) has been an alternative disinfectant as it forms fewer disinfection by‐products with NOM than chlorination does. Therefore, combining ClO₂ with UF may improve conventional purification processes. In this study, feed water containing humic acid with 4.07 mg/L total organic carbon (TOC) was dosed directly with various amounts of ClO₂ (0, 2, 5, 10, and 15 mg/L) before being filtered through a 5‐kDa UF membrane. With a low dose (2 mg/L ClO₂), UF removed humic acid effectively, as TOC was not detected in the permeate, and the permeate flux increased to about 80% of the initial permeate flux by cross flow. Moreover, the concentrations of ClO, ClO, and trihalomethanes in the permeate were below the United States Environmental Protection Agency guidelines.     

“I Still Have the Old Tradition”: The co-production of sweetgrass basketry and coastal development

Scholars working around the world have drawn attention to the physical and social changes associated with rural gentrification. Case studies from the United States have focused on how these patterns lead to the cultural displacement and replacement of land-based livelihoods, including non-timber forest product (NTFP) practices. Scholars have also documented the persistence of culturally and economically important NTFP practices in urban and suburban areas. We reconcile these disparate outcomes, displacement on the one hand and persistence on the other, by focusing on the social relationships that co-produce land use and livelihood change. Our case investigates how African American sweetgrass basketmakers in Mount Pleasant South Carolina negotiate the complex terrain of a rapidly urbanizing and gentrifying landscape.Analysis of interviews with basketmakers and participant observation at public meetings suggests that gathering materials and selling baskets occur across spaces not typically considered important for NTFP practices. Access to these sites depends upon continually reinforced and negotiated social relationships between a variety of actors. Findings illustrate that, by themselves, development and gentrification are insufficient for explaining livelihood and land use patterns that emerge in places experiencing intensive development. Using a co-production framework, we acknowledge the wide variety of complex trajectories and local power dynamics shaping land use and livelihoods. Findings also have implications for connecting global research on housing, employment, and demographic transitions associated with rural gentrification, to international NTFP research, which is increasingly turning to rural–urban interfaces for insights on how livelihoods are linked to land development and migration.     

浙江慈溪市土地生态质量调查和评估

土壤、大气、水和农产品质量共同构成土地生态质量的内涵。通过慈溪市基本农田质量调查试点项目,开展了高精度土壤地球化学调查和农产品、灌溉水、大气质量调查,建立了土地生态质量评估模型。以土壤地球化学质量评估为基础,进行了大气、水、农产品综合质量评估,以及慈溪市农用地土地生态质量评价。评价显示,慈溪市农用地土地生态质量绝大部分优良,只有局部如城市周边等地存在生态风险。试点成果为浙江省国土资源特别是基本农田的数量、质量和生态管护并重的精细化管理提供了示范和依据。     

水环境及水产品中汞的测定与形态分析进展

概要总结了世界各地对水环境及水产品中汞的测定与形态分析的研究成果,涵盖样品采集、储存、传递与处理,各种色谱(薄层色谱、气相色谱、液相色谱、电色谱和离子色谱)分离分析方法及其联用技术,以及分光光度法、电化学法、原子吸收光谱和原子荧光光谱的应用等。并对未来发展提出了改进建议。     

青海省锶产品发展思考

锶是一种十分活泼的碱土金属,随着世界工业技术的不断发展,锶的使用领域也随之逐步扩大。锶及锶的化合物用途广泛,是发展高新技术不可缺少的重要材料。青海省锶资源极为丰富,应充分发挥锶资源的优势,采用国内外先进技术,提高资源综合利用率,积极发展锶产品的深加工,逐步形成锶工业产业链,提高产品的附加值,满足市场需要,变资源优势为经济优势,形成新的经济增长点。     

Remobilization of Highly Crystalline Felsic Magma by Injection of Mafic Magma: Constraints from the Middle Sixth Century Eruption at Haruna Volcano, Honshu, Japan

The latest eruption of Haruna volcano at Futatsudake took placein the middle of the sixth century, starting with a Plinianfall, followed by pyroclastic flows, and ending with lava domeformation. Gray pumices found in the first Plinian phase (lowerfall) and the dome lavas are the products of mixing betweenfelsic (andesitic) magma having 50 vol. % phenocrysts and maficmagma. The mafic magma was aphyric in the initial phase, whereasit was relatively phyric during the final phase. The aphyricmagma is chemically equivalent to the melt part of the phyricmafic magma and probably resulted from the separation of phenocrystsat their storage depth of 15 km. The major part of the felsicmagma erupted as white pumice, without mixing and heating priorto the eruption, after the mixed magma (gray pumice) and heatedfelsic magma (white pumice) of the lower fall deposit. Althoughthe mafic magma was injected into the felsic magma reservoir(at 7 km depth), part of the product (lower fall ejecta) precedederuption of the felsic reservoir magma, as a consequence ofupward dragging by the convecting reservoir of felsic magma.The mafic magma injection made the nearly rigid felsic magmaerupt, letting low-viscosity mixed and heated magmas open theconduit and vent. Indeed the lower fall white pumices preservea record of syneruptive slow ascent of magma to 2 km depth,probably associated with conduit formation. KEY WORDS: high-crystallinity felsic magma; magma plumbing system; multistage magma mixing; upward dragging of injected magma; vent opening by low-viscosity magma     

锡林浩特草原区域MODIS LAI产品真实性检验与误差分析

本文研究了LAI产品真实性检验的指标和方法,建立了LAI产品真实性检验的流程,将遥感产品真实性检验误差分解为模型误差、数据定量化差异和尺度效应3个方面。以内蒙古锡林浩特草原为研究区,结合实测数据和Landsat TM数据建立NDVI-LAI模型,得到LAI验证参考"真值",据此"真值"按照本文的流程对MODIS LAI产品进行验证,分析了研究区MODIS LAI产品真实性检验的误差来源。研究表明,该研究区的MODIS LAI(MOD15A2)产品相对高估约25%。各个误差因素中,LAI遥感模型差异对于结果影响最大,MODIS LAI模型高估了该区域草地LAI(高估约44.2%);数据定量差异的影响也比较大,MODIS地表反射率数据与Landsat TM地表反射率数据的差异造成了约16.2%的低估;尺度效应的影响较小,造成约3.1%的低估,其中NDVI-LAI模型的尺度效应带来2.4%的低估,NDVI数据的尺度效应造成约0.7%的低估。     

一种新的高精度全球对流层天顶延迟模型

对流层延迟是影响高精度卫星导航定位的关键因素,也是大气科学研究的重要数据.针对已有全球对流层延迟模型的模型方程未同时顾及高程、纬度和季节变化以及模型构建时仅使用单一格网点数据等问题,本文提出了一种对流层天顶延迟(ZTD)全球模型构建的新方法,即引入滑动窗口算法将全球剖分为大小一致的规则窗口,利用2008—2015年全球大地观测系统(GGOS)大气格网产品构建每个窗口同时顾及高程、纬度和季节因子的全球ZTD新模型(GGZTD模型).联合未参与建模的2016年全球GGOS格网产品和2016年全球316个IGS站精密ZTD产品,检验了GGZTD模型的精度和适用性.结果表明:以GGOS大气格网ZTD产品和IGS站ZTD产品为参考值,GGZTD模型在全球的精度分别为3.58 cm和3.62 cm,相对于UNB3m模型和目前标称精度最优的GPT2w模型计算的ZTD信息,GGZTD模型在全球表现出了最优的精度和稳定性,其精度相对于UNB3m模型具有显著的提升(精度提高了30%以上),相对于GPT2w模型仍具有一定的改善;在ZTD计算时GGZTD模型相对于GPT2w模型显著地减少了模型参数,尤其相对于GPT2w-1(减少了99%).GGZTD模型只需输入位置与时间和依赖相对较少的模型参数则能在全球获得高精度和稳定的ZTD信息,极大地提升了模型的计算效率.     

中国高端技术产品出口效率的空间集聚及影响因素

通过构建“多投入-多产出”出口效率测度模型,探讨了2001—2019年中国对49个主要贸易伙伴高端技术产品出口效率的时空分异特征及驱动因素。研究发现：① 中国高端技术产品出口效率整体呈增长趋势,国别间差距逐渐缩小。② 中国高端技术产品出口效率的空间格局明显存在空间集聚特征,高-高型国家集聚于“一带一路”沿线地区并向西蔓延,而低-低型国家分布范围逐年缩小。③ 双边贸易关系对中国高端技术产品出口效率的影响存在空间溢出效应,中国对贸易互竞国家高端技术产品的出口效率要比其对贸易互补国家的出口效率低0.017%,而对贸易互竞国家的邻近国高端技术产品出口效率要比其对贸易互补国家的邻近国出口效率高0.088%。④ 管制性制度差异对出口效率存在直接促进作用,而经济自由度差异对出口效率整体上有阻滞（负溢出）作用。