区域似大地水准面精化算法及成果三维仿真研究

利用GPS水准代替繁重的几何水准测量工作,必须确定高精度、高分辨率的似大地水准面。本文分别介绍了函数模型算法、随机模型算法和综合模型算法,并基于试验区域的GPS水准数据,通过各种算法的分类计算比较,验证了这几种模型算法的有效性和可靠性,结果证明最小二乘配置算法精度较高,并对实验结果进行三维仿真,可视化的分析似大地水准面的变化。     

甚长基线干涉测量天线参考点和轴线偏差监测方法探讨

高精度监测VLBI天线参考点和轴线偏差等参数,对提高VLBI台站坐标测定精度及天测、测地VLBI资料解析精度等具有重要意义.常规监测方式占用望远镜工作时间,监测效率低,所得参数精度较差.文章提出通过参数化VLBI天线的旋转运动建立天线固连合作目标在局域网中坐标数学模型的方法,有望实现全天候、全自动监测;考察了代表性数学模型,在观测方程构建、解算参数设置和约束条件选取等方面提出了新的见解.最后通过仿真分析,验证了对方程与参数所做调整的有效性,初步结论可供参考.     

天文经纬度仿真测量精度分析

介绍了天文测量室内仿真系统原理和天文经纬度测量流程;提出了测量精度的评定方法;分析了仿真系统天文经纬度测量的精度。结果表明:系统天文经纬度测量可以达到二等以上的天文测量要求,可以应用于日常天文测量训练和教学。     

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?????????????????????????????????????ó???????????????????????仯??????1???????????仯????????????????NNW-SSE??????????3~9 kPa a^-1???????????仯???????????????NEE-SWW??????????1~6 kPa a^-1?????????????????????????????????????￡?2???????????仯????????????????NNW????????????????,??????????????????????????????????仯???????????????NEE????????λ?????????????????????仯????????????????????????????????????????????п????????Щ???????????????????3?????????????????????????????????з???????????-???ε???????????????????6 kPa a^-1?????-?????ε???????????????????5 kPa a^-1???????κ??????媲????ε????????????????????3~4 kPa a^-1??     

水下溢油数值模拟研究

基于Lagrange积分法和Lagrange粒子追踪法建立了一个水下溢油数值模型。该溢油模型由两个子模型组成:羽流动力模型和对流扩散模型,其中羽流动力模型用以模拟溢油的喷发阶段和浮力羽流阶段;对流扩散模型用以模拟溢油的对流扩散阶段。通过数值实验,结合实验室水槽实验和水下溢油现场实验的观测资料进行模型验证。实验结果表明,模拟结果与观测资料一致性较好,从而验证了本文溢油模型的合理性和准确性;羽流动力模型为对流扩散模型提供源,海流、海水的垂向密度结构和油滴的直径分布是影响溢油在对流扩散阶段运动和分布的主要因素。     

Influence of size on the constitutive equations of concrete or rock dowels

The numerical fracture analysis of non‐homogeneous rock or concrete dowels subjected to shear and compression is described in detail. The method of analysis allows the consideration of scale and rate effects due to material non‐homogeneity and fracture. The proposed approach is verified by comparing numerical predictions with experimental results reported in the literature for a series of small rock samples, since experimental evidence for large bodies is not yet available (2007). Results generated by Monte Carlo simulation using the so‐called discrete element method to model the dowels suggest that a simple three parameters law can be used to predict the relationship between tangential stress at the base and lateral distortion. It is observed that the larger the size of the cubes, the smaller both the peak tangential stress and the rupture distortion. Size effects are also evaluated in samples with vertical restraint. The influence of loading rate is likewise numerically assessed for two sample sizes. The effect is compatible with experimental evidence available for concrete using small samples. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A high strain‐rate constitutive model for sand and its application in finite‐element analysis of tunnels subjected to blast

The paper presents a constitutive model for simulating the high strain‐rate behavior of sands. Based on the concepts of critical‐state soil mechanics, the bounding surface plasticity theory and the overstress theory of viscoplasticity, the constitutive model simulates the high strain‐rate behavior of sands under uniaxial, triaxial and multi‐axial loading conditions. The model parameters are determined for Ottawa and Fontainebleau sands, and the performance of the model under extreme transient loading conditions is demonstrated through simulations of split Hopkinson pressure bar tests up to a strain rate of 2000/s. The constitutive model is implemented in a finite‐element analysis software Abaqus to analyze underground tunnels in sandy soil subjected to internal blast loads. Parametric studies are conducted to examine the effect of relative density and type of sand and of the depth of tunnel on the variation of stresses and deformations in the soil adjacent to the tunnels. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Simulation of probability distributions commonly used in hydrological frequency analysis

Random variable simulation has been applied to many applications in hydrological modelling, flood risk analysis, environmental impact assessment, etc. However, computer codes for simulation of distributions commonly used in hydrological frequency analysis are not available in most software libraries. This paper presents a frequency‐factor‐based method for random number generation of five distributions (normal, log–normal, extreme‐value type I, Pearson type III and log‐Pearson type III) commonly used in hydrological frequency analysis. The proposed method is shown to produce random numbers of desired distributions through three means of validation: (1) graphical comparison of cumulative distribution functions (CDFs) and empirical CDFs derived from generated data; (2) properties of estimated parameters; (3) type I error of goodness‐of‐fit test. An advantage of the method is that it does not require CDF inversion, and frequency factors of the five commonly used distributions involves only the standard normal deviate. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.