新疆罗布泊环状盐壳的特征与成因

通过实地测量、物质成分分析和卫星像片判读,得出关于罗布泊东湖环状盐壳特征与成因的部分新结论:在东湖耳轮状区域内,地表物质组成以石盐为主,特别是氯化物占优势,碎屑矿物中主要为石英;“大耳朵”形态的形成受原湖心岛和湖岸地形所控制;“大耳朵”形态盐壳形成于20世纪60年代初期的4~5年之内;卫星像片上的“耳轮环线”是盐壳形成过程中的年、季韵律构造线;环状盐壳色调深浅变化取决于卤水层埋深、盐壳含沙量及地表粗糙度的变化。     

Erodibility of some crust forming soils/sediments from the Southern Aral Sea Basin as determined in a wind tunnel

Severe dust storms in the Southern Aral Sea Basin have become common with the desiccation of the sea. The high incidence of dust in the area has had severe ecological consequences. Within the framework of efforts to reduce this phenomenon, deflatability as well as deflatability‐related characteristics of some prominent soils/sediment surfaces in the Southern Aral Sea Basin were examined. The materials included a salt crust from a developed Solonchak, a Takyr crust and a Takyr‐like soil, and salt crusts from undeveloped Solonchaks formed on the exposed bottom of the Aral Sea. Characteristics determined were particle size distribution, dry aggregate size distribution and salt, carbonate and organic carbon contents. Deflatability was examined using a suction type wind tunnel with a SENSIT‐type sensor to detect airborne unconsolidated material, on materials treated to different moisture levels and with a chemical stabilizer, and on restored crusts created from the unconsolidated materials. Fine sand dominates in the materials, and in the Takyr crust and Takyr‐like soils is accompanied by significant amounts of silt and clay. All materials contain moderate amounts of carbonate and are low in organic matter. All soils/sediments contain salts, but in the salt crusts of the Solonchaks the salt fraction dominates. They all have more than 50 per cent PM₈₅₀ (particles with diameter <850 µm), indicating a relatively high deflatability potential. The materials from the Takyr crusts and Takyr‐like soil with a high proportion of fine aggregates had the lowest threshold friction velocities, while the salt crusts of the Solonchaks with a high proportion of coarse aggregates had the highest. This suggests that Takyrs and Takyr‐like soils are the most deflatable and Solonchak soils the least deflatable. These differences are attributed to the presence of salts that create stable, large aggregates in the Solonchak crusts. Wetting of the materials to three moisture levels considerably increased threshold friction velocity. The increase was most prominent in the salt‐rich materials, and was attributed to the rapid formation of surface films by drying in the course of the wind tunnel determinations. Applications of chemical stabilizers at two levels also considerably increased threshold friction velocity. On the restored crusts, threshold friction velocity dramatically increased, occasionally to non‐recordable values. This increase was monitored with both the salt crusts characteristic for the Solonchak soils and the fine‐grained crusts characteristic for the Takyr soils. The stability was attributed to the tightly packed salt particles in the salt crusts, and to the cohesive properties of the fine‐grained materials in the Takyr crusts. Once the crusts were ruptured, however, strong deflation commenced. These results suggest that by maintaining moisture in the soils/sediments (for example, by maintaining a high water table in the Amu‐Darya river flood plain) deflation can be reduced. By the same means, deflation can be reduced by creating new crusts or by preserving existing crusts. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of nitrogen on the ecosystem respiration,CH<Subscript>4</Subscript> and N<Subscript>2</Subscript>O emissions to the atmosphere from the freshwater marshes in northeast China

Freshwater marshes could be a source of greenhouse gases emission because they contain large amounts of soil carbon and nitrogen. These emissions are strongly influenced by exogenous nitrogen. We investigate the effects of exogenous nitrogen on ecosystem respiration (CO₂), CH₄ and N₂O emissions from freshwater marshes in situ in the Sanjiang Plain Northeast of China during the growing seasons of 2004 and 2005, using a field fertilizer experiment and the static opaque chamber/GC techniques. The results show that there were no significant differences in patterns of seasonal variations of CO₂ and CH₄ among the fertilizer and non-fertilizer treatments, but the seasonal patterns of N₂O emission were significantly influenced by the exogenous nitrogen. Seasonal averages of the CO₂ flux from non-fertilizer and fertilizer were 987.74 and 1,344.35 mg m ⁻² h ⁻¹, respectively, in 2004, and 898.59 and 2,154.17 mg m ⁻² h ⁻¹, respectively, in 2005. And the CH₄ from the control and fertilizer treatments were 6.05 and 13.56 mg m ⁻² h ⁻¹ and 0.72 and 1.88 mg m ⁻² h ⁻¹, respectively, in 2004 and 2005. The difference of N₂O flux between the fertilizer and non-fertilizer treatments is also significant either in 2004 and 2005. On the time scale of 20-, 100-, and 500-year periods, the integrated global warming potential (GWP) of CO₂ + CH₄ + N₂O released during the two growing seasons for the treatment of fertilizer was 97, 94 and 89%, respectively, higher than that for the control, which suggested that the nitrogen fertilizer can enhance the GWP of the CH₄ and N₂O either in long time or short time scale.     

Quantifying drainage components and salt and water balance in YinNan Irrigation District,China, based on a controlled drainage experiment

YinNan Irrigation District (YNID) is located in the upper reaches of the Yellow River in NingXia, China. Its irrigated area is about 80 000 ha, with one‐third of it for rice production. The major part of its drainage system was constructed between the 1950s and 1970s to maintain the salt and water balances of the district. The system, however, has been reported as draining the agricultural lands excessively by several studies. In addition to field, lateral and main drainage ditches, agricultural fields of YNID are also under the influence of the Yellow River channel and some low‐lying depressions, thus forming a dual drainage system. Owing to difficulties in irrigation inflow measurement, evaluation of the existing drainage system often appears to be elusive. Based on a dual drainage assumption and an on‐site controlled drainage experiment, we present a detailed analysis on drainage components and the salt and water balance of YNID. Results show that, by implementing controlled drainage, shallow drainage from field ditches can be reduced by 60%. Deep drainage from main ditches, the Yellow River channel and low‐lying depressions is relatively stable year around, and it neutralized the potential effect of controlled drainage on salinity increase. Drainage water salinity calculated from the dual subsurface drainage model was consistent with field observations, proving that the dual drainage assumption is valid for the study area. Based on this study, field water management practices of the irrigation district can be better targeted and fairly evaluated. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The process of sedimentation on the surface of a salt marsh

An unditched salt marsh-creek drainage basin (Holland Glade Marsh, Lewes, Delaware) has a sedimentation rate of 0·5 cm year^?1. During normal, storm-free conditions, the creek carries negligible amounts of sand and coarse silt. Of the material in the waters flooding the marsh surface, over 80% disappears from the floodwaters within 12 m of the creek. About one-half of the lost material is theoretically too fine to settle, even if flow were not turbulent; however, sediment found on Spartina stems can account for the loss.The quantity of suspended sediment that does reach the back marsh during these normal tides is inadequate to maintain the marsh surface against local sea level rise. This suspended sediment is also much finer than the deposited sediments. Additionally, remote sections of low marsh, sections flooded by only the highest spring tides, have 15–30 cm of highly inorganic marsh muds.This evidence indicates that normal tidal flooding does not produce sedimentation in Holland Glade. Study of the effects of two severe storms, of a frequency of once per year, suggests that such storms can deposit sufficient sediment to maintain the marsh.The actual deposition of fine-grained sediments (fine silt and clay) appears to result primarily from biological trapping rather than from settling. In addition, this study proposes that the total sedimentation on mature marshes results from a balance between tidal and storm sedimentation. Storms will control sediment supply and movement on micro- and meso-tidal marshes, and will have less influence on macro-tidal marshes.     

青海可可西里盐湖水化学及硼同位素地球化学特征

本文主要依据2009—2010年间的考察对可可西里地区盐湖进行了水化学及硼同位素分布特征研究。结果表明,除前人发现的5个盐湖外,可可西里东部新发现的多秀湖、茶错、布查湖和果木错玛德日4个湖泊也属于盐湖;勒斜武担湖为氯化物型盐湖,其余8个盐湖均为硫酸盐型盐湖;盐湖及周围水体皆富集B、Li元素,形成以盐湖为中心的含量高值区,且B-Li元素对显示出协同消长关系,表明在该地区这两种元素的物质来源、搬运条件及富集环境具有相似性;正热电离质谱法测量结果显示,本区盐湖δ11B值的变化范围在+4.77‰~+12.52‰之间,远低于海水δ11B值,证明这些盐湖均属陆相成因,与前人对青藏高原地区盐湖成因的研究结果相一致;勒斜武担湖和布查盐湖北部均出露有大量泉水,水化学分析和硼同位素分析数据表明,勒斜武担湖和布查盐湖分别与各自周围的泉水具有同源性,认为这些泉水是这两个盐湖的主要物质来源;根据区域地质构造特征和硼同位素地球化学数据,可判断出新青峰喷泉中的硼主要来自于深部火山岩溶滤。     

思茅盆地石盐矿物的原位元素含量特征对成矿模式的启示

思茅盆地江城含盐带勐野井地区在“二层楼”钾盐成矿理论的指导下,逐步在侏罗系钾盐资源调查中取得重要成果,但盆地内其他含盐带研究程度薄弱。本文以整董含盐带的磨黑L2井勐野井组(K₁m)盐岩样品为研究对象,通过显微镜观察、扫描电镜能谱分析、石盐矿物元素含量电子探针微区原位测试方法的建立,精细研究了样品岩相学、石盐矿物学及元素含量特征。同时,测试了江城含盐带勐野井地区MK-1井花开左组(J₂h)石盐样品。对比研究两个井样品中石盐矿物微量元素K和Br含量及10³Br/Cl值(质量分数比)特征,结合研究区地质演化,取得以下认识。L2井K₁m(含)泥砾盐岩中石盐矿物发育两类产状:一类是胶结碎屑颗粒的主体石盐,具塑性流变特征;另一类是析出在碎屑中被盐类或黏土矿物碎屑包裹的石盐,两类包裹体特征指示均属次生成因。电子探针测得L2井K₁m的主体石盐、碎屑包裹和勐野井MK-1井J₂h含钾盐层石盐的K含量分别为≤0.09%、≤0.18%和≤0.13%,Br含量分别为≤60×10^-6、70×10^-6~410×10^-6和70×10^-6~500×10^-6,10³Br/Cl值分别为≤0.10、0.12~0.71和0.12~0.85,主体石盐显著低于后二者,处于陆源或海陆混合源石盐阶段或重结晶石盐阶段,而后二者数值接近,大多处在海源石盐阶段,小部分处在海源母液结晶钾石盐阶段和光卤石阶段。推断磨黑L2井碎屑包裹的石盐属深部古盐体刺穿贯入的证据,可能的成矿模式为深部中侏罗统海相古盐体受盐底辟作用迁移到浅层下白垩统勐野井组后,部分被盆地内侧向迁移来的中侏罗世残留海水、盆地周缘汇入的陆源水以及深部热液的共同溶蚀淋滤和混染改造形成新的卤水,部分以固体古石盐砾保留下来,在早白垩世晚期新母液卤水蒸发成盐过程中被形成的盐类和陆源碎屑矿物包裹,后期在母液结晶的主体石盐胶结下沉积成岩和成矿。以上认识完善了“二层楼”成矿理论在整董含盐带的勘探实践。     

塔里木盆地台盆区寒武系盖层评价及对油气盖层有利区的优选

【研究目的】塔里木盆地台盆区中寒武统发育大面积的膏盐岩、膏质泥岩和膏质云岩地层,探讨该套地层的油气封盖能力和展布可为塔里木盆地寒武系盐下领域的勘探提供依据。【研究方法】对4口井的44个岩心样品进行镜下薄片、物性参数和突破压力测试。通过建立各参数之间的关系,定量地对研究区中寒武统不同岩性岩石的封盖能力进行评价;结合二维地震和14口钻井资料对研究区中寒武统膏盐岩、膏质泥岩和膏质云岩地层的厚度进行研究;最终综合研究区中寒武统微观和宏观的评价结果,并以实际钻井的勘探情况作为约束,建立针对该研究区盖层封盖能力的综合评价方式。【研究结果】研究结果认为膏盐岩相比膏质泥岩与膏质云岩具有更好的封盖能力,但断裂和石膏的埋藏地质条件会影响盖层的封盖能力。其中阿瓦提凹陷、塔中隆起北部、满西低凸起南部以及巴楚隆起中北部膏盐岩盖层厚度较大,以巴楚隆起北部为中心,膏盐岩厚度向四周呈不规则状递减,环绕状分布。【结论】认为阿瓦提凹陷、满西低凸起西部和南部、塔中隆起北部和西部,以及塔北隆起中部为盖层发育的有利区。