不同水力调度模式的两座调水型水库轮虫群落结构的比较

为了解水力调度对轮虫群落结构的影响,于2016年8月-2017年7月对调水水源相同而水力调度模式不同的两座水库（直流型水库和中等水力滞留时间水库）的轮虫种类、生物量及环境因子进行逐月观测.两座水库中共鉴定出轮虫37种,常见属为臂尾轮属（Brachionus）、异尾轮属（Trichcerca）、龟甲轮属（Keratella）、三肢轮属（Filinia）和多肢轮属（Polyarthra）,它们的种类数分别占直流型水库和中等水力滞留时间水库所检出轮虫总种类数的58%和64%.两座水库轮虫种类虽基本一致,但轮虫优势种（相对生物量大于10%）有较大差异.直流型水库轮虫优势种以角突臂尾轮虫（Brachionus angularis）、镰状臂尾轮虫（B.falcatus）、裂足臂尾轮虫（B.diversicornis）、剪形臂尾轮虫（B.forficula）、截头皱甲轮虫（Ploesoma truncatum）、尖尾疣毛轮虫（Synchaetidae stylata）和真翅多肢轮虫（Polyarthra euryptera）为主;中等水力滞留时间水库主要以卜氏晶囊轮虫（Asplanchna brightwelli）、裂足臂尾轮虫（B.diversicornis）和镰状臂尾轮虫为轮虫优势种.两座水库Bray-Curtis相异系数为0.42~0.77,表明轮虫群落结构差异较大.冗余分析表明,叶绿素a浓度和温度是影响两座水库轮虫群落结构的重要因素.两座水库轮虫群落结构的Bray-Curtis相异系数与基于叶绿素a浓度和水温的环境欧氏距离呈显著正相关（R_adj²=0.426,P<0.05）.结果表明,虽然具有相同的调水水源,但由于两座水库的水力调度不同,叶绿素a浓度和水温有显著差异,轮虫群落结构趋于相异.     

Temperature Effect on the Life History of Three Types of Brachionus calyciflorus Females

The effect of temperature on the life history characteristics of amictic females ( AF), unfertilized mictic females (UMF) and fertilized mictic females (FMF) in Brachionus calyciflorus was studied with replicated individual cultures at 20℃ ,25℃ and 30℃ , and with algae Scenedesmus obliquus for their food. There were highly significant effects of both temperature and female type, independently and interactively, on the duration of juvenile and post-reproduction periods, and the number of eggs produced by the rotifer per life cvcle. Among all the temperature-female type combinations, all the juvenile periods of FMF, and the post-reproduction periods of UMF and FMF at 20℃, were the longest, and the number of eggs produced by an UMF at 30℃ was the highest. There were highly significant effects of both temperature and female type on the duration of the reproduction period, but no clear correlation was observed between temperature and female type. The reproduction period of AF was longer than that of UMF and FMF.Only temperature influenced significantly the mean life-span of the three types of females. The duration of juvenile,reproduction and post-reproduction periods as well as the life-span of the three types of females were all reduced very significantly with rise of temperature, but the rates of reduction varied with female type. Among the three types of females, the number of eggs produced per life cycle by an UMF was the highest, and that of a FMF was the lowest. A significant relationship between the number of eggs produced per life cycle and temperature was observed only in the UMF.     

NEW ROTIFERA FROM WUHAN

Ofmorethan9OtaxaoftheRottherafoundinD0nghuLakeanditSnearbypondsinWuhan,Hubei,severalwerenewtaxaandl2fustamrdedfromChina(Sudzuki,l995).OIily7newtaxaaredescribedinthispaper.MareRIusroMErnODSSamP1eswercolleCtedbyustogetherwithmemersoftheD0nghuLakeExperi-mentalStation,ChineseAcadeTnyofSdenas,usingr0utinemethodsduringSept.14-l6,l994fromStationsI-IlIofD0nghuLake(i.e.,IfShuigu0Lake,IIfGuochengLake,IIIfTanglinhakeandthefouropch)srnallpondsofboththeInstituteofHydrobiologyandtheriverd…     

Response of rotifer community to environmental changes in five shallow lakes in the middle reach of Changjiang River,China

We evaluated the response of a rotifer community to environmental changes in five shallow lakes in the middle reach of the Changjiang （Yangtze） River in summer and autumn 2010. These five lakes differed in trophic status and rotifer community structure. Twenty-nine rotifer species were collected, of which Keratella cochlearis, Polyarthra dolichoptera, and Trichocerca elongate were dominant. The mean density, Shannon-Wiener diversity, and equitability among the five lakes differed significantly （P〈0.05）. The mean rotifer density was positively correlated with trophic state. The diversity was higher in lakes with high macrophyte coverage. The composition of rotifer species was closely associated with the trophic gradient. Five environmental variables, Secchi depth, conductivity, TN, NHa-N, and TP, significantly affected the composition of rotifer species. Keratella quadrata, Brachionus calyciflorus, and B. forficula were more common in eutrophic conditions. Our results suggest that eutrophication has a significant influence on the rotifer community structure and highlight the potential for using rotifer community structure as an indicator of trophic status in subtropical lakes.     

营养强化的轮虫在鲻鱼育苗中的效用

经连续2a采用小球藻轮虫、酵母轮虫和乌贼肝油＋小球藻进行营养强化的轮虫培育鲻鱼苗，直观比较鱼苗的存活率和生长发育情况。结果表明：以乌贼肝油营养强化轮虫为饵的鱼苗，经35d的培育存活率最高，为25％－61％；以小球藻轮虫为饵的鱼苗次之，存活率为13％－24％；而以酵母轮虫为饵鱼苗的存活率是最低的，仅培育10－15d，仔鱼就全部死亡；以乌贼肝油营养强化轮虫为饵的鱼苗生长速度最快，个体大小整齐、肥满，变态时间比小球藻轮虫组提早1－2d，最长达3－4d。     

杭州西湖轮虫的群落结构及与水体环境因子的关系

2007年1月-2010年10月,对杭州西湖进行调查研究,利用综合营养状态指数对西湖的营养状况进行评价,通过种类组成、优势种、多样性指数等指标探讨西湖轮虫的群落结构与水体营养状况之间的关系.结果表明,西湖总体处于中-富营养状态.调查期间共检出轮虫29种,以角突臂尾轮虫(Brachionus angularis)、螺形龟甲轮虫(Keratella cochlearis)等最为常见;总数量处于较低的水平,多样性水平不高;各采样点在不同年份表现出不同的季节变化规律.相关性分析结果表明,西湖轮虫密度与水温、TLI指数、总氮、高锰酸盐指数、透明度和pH值的相关性高度显著;Margalef多样性指数和Shan-non-Wiener多样性指数与水体环境因子表现出不同的相关性.研究发现,西湖轮虫结构不仅与水体的营养状况关系密切,还受引水过程引起的水动力学的影响,从引水入湖口到出水口存在一个以水动力学过程为主导的生态梯度.     

Rotifer community structure and assessment of water quality in Yangcheng Lake

Rotifer community structure was investigated in Yangcheng Lake in 2008. Dominant species and species diversity indices were determined and QB/T was used to assess water quality. The annual average density and biomass of the rotifers in Yangcheng Lake was 2 894 ± 1 006 ind./L and 12.47 ± 10.28 mg/L, respectively. The highest densities were observed in the western portion of the lake in March, but the highest biomass occurred in inflowing creeks in September. Within a year of monitoring in Yangcheng Lake, 93 species were identified and the dominant species were found to be Polyarthra trigla, Brachionus angularis, Keratella cochlearis, Keratella valga, Brachionus calyciflorus, and Filinia major. Of the species recorded, 75 were pollution indicator species. Density and biomass exhibited significant positive correlations with water temperature (R = 0.209, P = 0.003; R = 0.446, P = 0.000), but the peak density showed two lags in response to chl a. According to the Jaccard similarity index (SJ), the greatest similarity among dominant species occurred between creeks and the eastern part of the lake. The annual average Shannon-Wiener diversity index H’, Margalef richness index D and Pielou evenness index J were 1.96 ± 0.34, 1.61 ± 0.50 and 0.77 ± 0.10, respectively. In all four areas of Yangcheng Lake, β- mesosaprobic species comprised the largest share of pollution indicator species. These data suggest that Yangcheng Lake is mesosaprobic.     

杭州西溪湿地春季浮游轮虫群落结构的初步研究

2007年春,根据西溪湿地综合保护一期工程地理位置和水域环境的特点,筛选周家村入口处、西溪人家、深潭口上船码头和虾龙滩生态保护区4个采样站,这4个采样站采集到的水样中可以较为全面地反映西溪湿地的水质状况.4个采样站鉴定出浮游轮虫为9个科15个属共计23个种,平均密度为253个/L,生物量为0.881 mg/L,Shannon-Weiner多样性指数为2.228.有明显的密度和生物量的优势种为晶囊浮游轮虫Asplanchna和针簇多肢浮游轮虫Polyarthra trigla;浮游轮虫的香农-威纳多样性指数值偏低,说明西溪湿地生态环境中浮游轮虫的多样性较低,处于中轻度污染状态.周家村入口处水体周围采用水泥驳坎,游船多,有机质污染严重,水面常常漂浮一层油污,CODMn值高,β-α中污带类型多,晶囊轮虫的密度和生物量大.西溪人家水体周围有柳树桩护堤;深潭口上船码头水体周围采用石块垒壁,石壁和壁缝长满青苔和杂草;虾龙滩生态保护区是湿地公园中最大的一块自然生态保护区;这后3个采样站寡污-β中污带类型针簇多肢轮虫的密度较大,而β-α中污带类型晶囊轮虫的密度相对较少.说明水体周围的堤岸处理对水生生物的种类和数量有明显的影响.水质理化参数与浮游轮虫的群落指标相关性分析表明,水质的CODMn值与浮游轮虫Shannon-Weiner多样性指数之间有显著的负相关关系(p＜0.05),水体透明度与Shannon-Weiner多样性指数之间有显著的正相关关系(p＜0.05).西溪湿地水体的CODMn和BOD值两者的差值很大,说明污染有机物质中有很大一部分是不能被微生物分解消化的,它将长期留在水体中影响水生生物.水体的低透明度可能是先影响浮游植物的初级生产力,进而破坏浮游动物、鱼类等的食物链的.因此,适当控制西溪湿地机动游船用量,以及增加水体深度的措施应是湿地管理部门必须考虑的事宜.另外,浮游轮虫生物量随着水质电导率的升高而明显下降,可能预示着水体受某种离子或盐类的污染,这还有待于进一步的调查研究.     

太湖不同富营养水平湖区轮虫季节变化的比较

2003年10月-2004年9月对太湖不同富营养水平湖区(太湖大太湖湖区、梅梁湾和五里湖)轮虫的季节变化进行了研究.五里湖营养水平最高,太湖大太湖湖区最低;轮虫的种类数、数量和生物量都是五里湖最高,太湖大太湖湖区最低.回归分析表明,轮虫数量与总氮和叶绿素a浓度呈显著正相关;轮虫生物量与叶绿素a浓度呈极显著正相关.结果表明,太湖三个湖区轮虫群落结构显著不同,同时表明太湖水体富营养化对轮虫的群落结构有明显的影响.     

转轮虫(Rotaria rotatoria)生活史策略对温度和食物密度变化的响应

温度和食物密度一直是浮游动物生长和繁殖过程中的重要影响因子,而有关两者对蛭态类轮虫生活史策略的影响研究鲜有报道.本研究基于生命表,探究了温度（24、28和32℃）和食物密度（0.5×10⁶、1.0×10⁶、2.0×10⁶和4.0×10⁶ cells/ml）对蛭态类转轮虫（Rotaria rotatoria）生长、存活和繁殖的影响.结果表明,温度对转轮虫的所有生活史参数均具有极显著影响,食物密度以及温度和食物密度的交互作用显著地影响轮虫的主要发育阶段历时和生命期望.无论食物密度如何,随着温度的升高,轮虫的发育速度加快,繁殖期缩短,寿命减小,特定年龄存活率开始下降的时间逐渐前移,下降的速度也逐渐加快,但内禀增长率增加,这是转轮虫在不利条件下的生活史策略——能量分配权衡.在较低温度下（24和28℃）,转轮虫的各主要发育阶段历时随着食物密度的增加而减小,但在高温下（32℃）高食物密度却对轮虫有利,轮虫的繁殖期和寿命随食物密度的增加而增加;可见,在适宜培养温度下,较低的藻浓度有利于轮虫的生长和繁殖,而高温下则需要高食物密度以保证轮虫对物质和能量的需求.在较低食物密度下,温度对转轮虫生活史参数的影响更加显著,这表明食物密度是重要的限制因子,其在量上的限制或不足会增加轮虫对基础代谢生理调节的代价,从而对其他因子的耐受能力可能随之缩小.