若尔盖风成砂-古土壤序列的古气候与古环境记录研究

通过对若尔盖盆地中部辖曼地区风成砂-古土壤沉积序列的粒度分析、孢粉鉴定、磁化率测定以及AMS 14C年代测定,探讨了该地区末次冰消期以来古气候与古环境的演化过程。研究结果表明,若尔盖地区的土地沙化现象至少在距今16 ka余年的末次冰消期就已经出现。地层结构、粒度、磁化率皆指示该区古气候在末次冰消期以来经历了多次冷暖交替变化,沙地也经历了多次的固定与活化过程,其中16130~6460 aB.P.、3445 aB.P.前后以及700 aB.P.前后气候较为温暖湿润,在8170~6460 aB.P.期间有一次极暖事件。自11.3 kaB.P.开始,古土壤中的喜暖型乔木花粉含量明显降低,草本植物、尤其是狐尾藻属和莎草科等沼泽植物孢粉含量明显增多,指示该区古环境发生明显变化,开始发育沼泽泥炭。      

岩溶断陷盆地典型县域石漠化治理综合效益评价 ——以云南建水县为例

云南省建水县境内分布有建水盆地、曲江盆地两大盆地,是岩溶断陷盆地区的典型代表,并且是石漠化综合治理工程"十三五"建设的重点县域,近十年来石漠化治理产生了明显的成效.为探究岩溶断陷盆地石漠化治理的成效,文章以建水县为例,基于2007—2017年Landsat TM数据,森林资源二类调查数据、石漠化监测数据及社会经济年鉴数...     

WATER MOVEMENT AND VEGETATION PATTERNS ON SHRUBLAND AND AN ABANDONED FIELD IN TWO DESERTIFICATION-THREATENED AREAS IN SPAIN

Four large-scale rainfall simulation experiments were conducted in Spain to improve the understanding of the relationship between soil water dynamics, soil erosion and land degradation. On different shrublands and an abandoned field, hydrological characteristics were determined in relation to spatial patterns in soil, vegetation and morphology. During the experiments on shrubland, runoff at fine scales occurred shortly after the start of the experiments. Rapid and non-uniform infiltration near vegetation clusters, related to preferential flowpaths of water, was observed. This prevented the development of runoff over distances larger than 1 metre. The surface redistribution of water was not observed on the abandoned land. Here, little vegetation structure was present and infiltration rates were high below crusts as well as stones. We suggest that the development of spatial structures in vegetation and soil forms a positive feedback with non-uniform infiltration and increased soil water retention. The assessment of land degradation could benefit greatly from acknowledging the importance of non-uniformity in hydrological processes. Furthermore, the presented measurements indicate that in discontinuous environments runoff measurements at fine scales cannot be extrapolated directly. In these environments a scaled approach needs to be adopted emphasizing the importance of different hydrological processes at different scales.     

Spatial diversity of rocky midlittoral macro-invertebrates associated with the endangered species Patella ferruginea (Mollusca: Gastropoda) of Tunisian coastline

The present study focuses on horizontal spatial variability of benthic macrofauna associated with Patella ferruginea. Thirty-six samples collected at 12 transects belonging to 4 midlittoral sites along the rocky Tunisian coastline, were examined. A total of 44 species belonging to 5 taxa were found. Multivariate analysis applied on gathered data did not show a horizontal spatial variability at small scale (between transects), but at large scale, between sites as well as sectors. Thus, three groups of communities were identified (GI: Korbous and El Haouaria; GIIa: Zembra Island and GIIb: Kelibia). The distribution of species abundance within these groups revealed that crustaceans were the most abundant taxon, due to the overwhelming dominance of Chthamalus stellatus. This substratum appeared to create favourable micro-habitats for the installation of molluscs including gastropods. Regarding the low diversity index (H') and evenness (J), they seemed to reflect a disturbance and a demographic unbalance within these communities. The heterogeneity of substrate surface, created by C. stellatus specimens appeared to be caused by various complex interactions established between the key components of these communities in particular suspension feeders, predators, herbivorous molluscs and macroalgae. Thus, the dynamic status of each of these communities is the result of these complex interactions.     

Shore exposure affects mussel population structure and mediates the effect of epibiotic algae on mussel survival in SW Ireland

On rocky shores, the relative importance of abiotic and biotic processes that regulate community structure are thought to vary with levels of shore exposure. This can lead to characteristic features found on sheltered and exposed shores. This study identified differences in the population structure of mussels on exposed and sheltered rocky shores on Atlantic coasts of south-west Ireland. Direct interactions between epibiotic algae and their host mussels were also examined to test if potential effects varied with shore exposure. Mussel beds on sheltered shores were less dense and comprised larger mussels with greater rates of individual survival and growth than those on exposed shores. The results of a field experiment showed that algal epibionts had a negative effect on mussel survival on sheltered shores but not on exposed shores. Surprisingly, the presence of algal epibionts had no effect on mussel growth on either shore type. These findings contrast with those of previous studies. The effects of shore exposure and algal epibionts on mussels may be species-specific and may interact with other factors across different regions. This study shows that predictions of effects of exposure on mussel populations and their epibionts should only be based on specific experimental evidence and cannot be generalised across regions.     

Determining spatial changes in the diet of nearshore suspension-feeders along the South African coastline: Stable isotope and fatty acid signatures

Mesoscale oceanographic features, such as upwellings, are known to play an important role in regulating the structure and productivity of nearshore marine communities. Stable isotope (δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N) and fatty acid analyses were employed to assess the influence of an upwelling cell along the south-eastern coastline of southern Africa on the diet of the mussel, Perna perna. Eight sites were sampled: two upstream, three in the vicinity and three downstream of the upwelling cell. Stable isotope and fatty acid signatures indicated that the mussels consumed a diet of detritus derived mainly from macroalgae, diatoms and dinoflagellates. One-way ANOVA on the δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N signatures and the principal component analysis of the fatty acid profiles of the mussels identified distinct groups corresponding to the above mentioned regions. The proportion of diatom biomarkers in the fatty acid profiles decreased downstream of the upwelling region while the proportion of dinoflagellate biomarkers increased. Upwelling regions are typically associated with elevated levels of productivity; however, these systems usually become silicon depleted and result in the replacement of diatoms with dinoflagellates. The highest proportions of the dinoflagellate markers were recorded in the two furthest sites downstream of the upwelling cell. The spatial variation in the diet of the mussels, therefore, appears to reflect the presence of the upwelling cell in the nearshore biology of the region.     

Experimental investigations into the influence of biofilms and environmental factors on short-term microtopographic fluctuations of supratidal sandstone

In this study laboratory experiments were used to explore the role of biofilms, formed by lithobiontic microorganism communities, in causing hourly surface changes of supratidal sandstone and the potential linkage to long-term rock decay. To isolate the influence of individual environmental factors (temperature and humidity) on rock surface changes (expansion and contraction), a colonized (biofilm-covered) and a non-colonized sandstone block (biofilm-free) underwent the same univariate microclimatic simulations closely controlled by an environmental chamber. Simulations were run under three different light conditions, with a natural light lamp on, on and off at 20-min intervals and off, to investigate the impact of light on rock surface dynamics. Measured with a traversing micro-erosion meter (TMEM), two-hourly microtopographic fluctuations of these two sandstone blocks were compared in the same environment. Induced by microclimatic variations, surface movements of significantly higher magnitude (12–120% under varying tempeature and 121–154% under varying humidity) and different change patterns were observed on the colonized block, indicating the primary role of biofilm in driving microtopographic fluctuations of supratidal sandstone. However, thermally driven changes of similar magnitude and pattern were observed on both surfaces, suggesting other mechanisms also operating on the non-colonized rock surface in this process. Due to the sensitivity of biofilm microorganism communities to light, the magnitude and pattern of surface changes was impacted by light condition. Because biofilms increased the magnitude and number of cycles of expansion and contraction of the experimental rock surface, we propose that lithobiontic biofilms facilitate the detachment of grains and granular disintegration on the rock surface, consequently contributing to rock decay and accelerating the rate of breakdown of supratidal rock. This short-term episode therefore needs to be superimposed on longer term studies to fully understand the role of biofilms in rock surface change. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

宁夏中东部沙漠化草原的植被演替

宁夏中东部地处黄土高原风沙区暖温性典型草原与荒漠草原的过渡地带。干旱多风的气候条件, 含沙丰富的地表物质组成和超负荷的人为活动影响, 使其成为宁夏土地沙漠化最严重的地区之一。草原沙漠化的植被演替阶段往往不易判别, 我们有用数量分类中的聚类分析法成功地将其划分为两大类群, 四个阶段。老瓜头(Cynanchumkomarovii), 骆驼蒿(Peganumnigellastrum)等植物在草原沙漠化演替的起始和发展阶段具指示意义。草原沙漠化的植被演替不同于撂荒地和沙地植被的演替, 而且在积沙地其演替过程一般是不可逆的。     

浅谈贵州喀斯特地区石漠化综合治理

以系统论观点探讨了石漠化内涵,认为石漠化的最主要原因是脆弱的喀斯特环境条件和不合理的人类社会经济活动造成的,其发展过程是非线性的。因而,石漠化治理应针对喀斯特环境的脆弱性,以协调人-地关系为宗旨,按计划分步骤地改变或改善人类社会经济活动,一方面实现石漠化治理,另一方面实现社会经济的可持续发展。在此基础上,文中进一步阐述了石漠化综合治理策略、综合治理模式和综合治理专家系统研发。     

沙漠化本质成因分析

关于沙漠化成因,存在主要由于人类不合理的经济活动所造成和地球自然营力为主因两种认识。本文分析认为气候的恶化、生物退化、天然降水和地下水的缺乏是导致沙漠化主要因素,而导致上述自然条件的恶化主要制导因素是地球排气作用、区域低大地热流、地壳运动和油气的微渗漏。