山东省气候变化及其对冬小麦生产潜力的影响

利用全省 2 7个台站 1 96 1～ 1 998年的温度、降水、日照等基本气象要素资料 ,对山东省气候变化特点进行了分析 ,并对冬小麦生产潜力进行了计算、分析。结果表明 ,山东省年、季平均气温呈波动性增暖趋势 ,降水量呈减少趋势。气候变暖有利于生产潜力的提高 ,冬小麦气候生产潜力总的变化趋势是波动性的上升 ,但较光温生产潜力倾向率小 ,反映了小麦生育期内光、温、水的综合影响。     

下辽河平原新近系地下水开采的动态变化特征

新近系地下淡水是下辽河三角洲地区的盘锦市和辽河油田主要供水水源。地下水处于封闭到半封闭环境，包括明化镇组(Nm)和馆陶组(Ng)两个含水岩组。天然状态下，地下水位接近或高于地表；开采条件下，地下水位逐年下降，形成区域性降落漏斗，地下水流场均发生显著变化，形成汇向开采区的向心流场。开采明化镇组地下水为主的盘东水源地，开采初期水位下降速率为1.61～5．19m／a，至1996年降至0．63～1．03m／a；馆陶组地下水为主的各水源地，开采初期水位下降速率为2．10～4．21m／a，至1996年减至1．49～2．05m／a。这是由于地下水流场变化，导致明化镇成水体内侵和下移所致，该地地下水中Cl^-的不断增高也证明了这一点。至1998年。平面上，成水体每年增加3．18km^2，盘东水源南部，成水体内侵速率已达每年220m。垂向上成水体年下移速率一般每年0．5～1．67m。进行新近系地下水动态特征和演化趋势研究，将为合理开发利用宝贵的淡水资源提供科学依据。     

基于RS和GIS的松花江流域(吉林省段)水资源网络化管理技术研究

松花江流域(吉林省段)水资源网络化管理系统既是一个基于3S技术和网络技术集成的空间决策支持系统，也是一个综合性管理信息系统。它的三维环境可视化功能可显示河流地形和走向，公共信息交互式操作能方便用户查询各种空间信息和数据，网络化管理职能为水资源管理部门对水环境污染、水资源合理利用的预测和决策提供了参考。本文对这项网络化管理信息系统的技术方案和运行步骤进行了探讨。     

天津市地下水资源与可持续利用

天津市是我国主要缺水城市之一。1990～2000年地表水年平均用水量16 33×108m3,地下水年平均用水量7 11×108m3,地下水的供水比例约占30%左右。1990～2002年,按全国统一部署,对天津市地下水资源进行了新一轮评价,评价结果是天津市地下水天然资源为18 13×108m3 a,矿化度小于5g L的天然资源为15 75×108m3 a,可开采资源为8 27×108m3 a,其中浅层水2 58×108m3 a,深层水3 56×108m3 a,隐伏岩溶水1 24×108m3 a,山区1 10×108m3 a。天津市地下水开采程度已达90 45%,除蓟县、宝坻、宁河、静海略有盈余,其余各区、县已超采。要解决天津市规划需水量(2010年)56 76×108m3 a的要求,必须采取外调水源、工农业节水和污水回收利用、海水淡化利用、利用坑、塘、洼、淀尽可能拦蓄汛期弃水等措施。天津市每年7×108～8×108m3的地下水资源为多年稳定补给的地下水资源,属可持续利用的水资源,但必须调整开采布局,压缩深层水的开采量,以遏制地面沉降继续发展。在连续干旱年份,为解决城镇生产及生活用水的燃眉之急,保证城市供水安全,建立一种非常规的并有一定开采周期的应急供水水源地,可缓解一部分供水压力。经初步论证,蓟县平原区和宝坻中北部第四系全淡水区及邻近的咸水分布区,有望建成大型集中供水水源地。经勘查,蓟     

Wildlife management and land reform in southeastern Zimbabwe: a compatible pairing or a contradiction in terms?

This paper examines the melding of two discourses in southeastern Zimbabwe: land reform and wildlife management. The former seeks to redistribute large, ‘under-utilized’ landholdings to smallholders whilst the latter needs extensive land holdings to be viable. These two discourses are rooted in very different models of development. The land reform exercise emphasizes direct redistribution, equity and land for crops; whilst the wildlife management discourse tends to stress maximizing foreign exchange earnings, encouraging public-private partnerships and trickle down. Yet there has been a recent flurry of interest in the development of ‘wildlife models’ for land reform which would combine the two. This paper investigates whether the competing discourses about land for smallholders and wildlife-based land reform are compatible or can be successfully reconciled. It traces the ways they have come together in Zimbabwe’s southeast lowveld and examines the ‘science’ and politics underlying their melding. Finally it explores the potential implications for rural people’s livelihoods of this development. It concludes that land reform and wildlife management can be reconciled, but probably not in a particularly equitable way: it is more likely to provide an opening for an equitable land reform agenda to be usurped by local and non-local elites with wildlife interests.     

The environmental planning and management approach towards the development and management of the Osun natural spring project,Ibadan, Nigeria

There is a general shortage of potable water in Nigeria, partly through the lack of natural provision and partly because of rapid urban growth that has largely been unplanned. The paper describes the recent redevelopment of a public water facility in a run-down area of Ibadan which is part of the Sustainable Ibadan Project. Despite funding from national and international bodies, the development is strongly based at community level. The local inhabitants feel they have control over their own water supply through their representatives on the various planning and managing committees. This aims to reduce vandalism and to increase pride and involvement in the community. The project is a pilot for other projects around Ibadan, some of which have begun and others are being planned. This paper describes the administrative structures and management principles that have been employed. It forcefully advocates community-based planning and management which respects both the environment and the water-users, and involves a major “bottom-up” element. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

卤水资源开发利用技术述评(续完)

总结并讨论了国内外从卤水中提取钾、镁、锂、硼、溴等资源的分离提取技术,并对其技术的应用范围、优缺点及技术发展趋势进行了述评。     

沙漠增温效应特征及绿洲农业热量资源分异规律的研究

为了进一步认识绿洲高效农业特殊的热量资源，通过研究沙漠增温效应特征表明：沙漠增温效应强弱随距离沙漠远近而不同，100km范围内沙漠对绿洲的平均增温为1．76℃；另外增温效应导致绿洲日、年温差大、干热风及冷害等气候特征；由于沙漠的面积、地貌特点等的差异，使增温效应产生原因及作用程度不尽相同，表现出绿洲农业资源分异规律，并将西北干旱区绿洲分为5个类型区。     

Statewide Estimates of Undiscovered Deposits of Gold,Silver, Copper,Lead, and Zinc

Estimates of the number of undiscovered deposits on a statewide basis offer a different perspective on the nation's undiscovered resources of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc. Mean estimates of the number of undiscovered deposits statewide were extracted from the estimates of undiscovered deposits nationwide. More than 50 undiscovered deposits are estimated to occur in Alaska, Arizona, Nevada, and Wisconsin. Estimating the number of undiscovered deposits statewide serves as a measure of a state's total remaining mineral resources in known conventional deposit types.     

RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN EL HATILLO, NICARAGUA: GENDER, NEOLIBERALISM AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISK

El Hatillo is a rural community in the Sébaco valley in Nicaragua, which suffers from an eroding resource base, high levels of poverty and malnutrition, and a high susceptibility to hazards. Structural adjustment policies have been devastating for small and subsistence farmers and have increased the level of economic, social and environmental marginalisation in rural Nicaragua. This paper explores initiatives to promote sustainable development in Nicaragua in the context of structural adjustment and environmental degradation. Drawing on qualitative research conducted in El Hatillo, it outlines the ways in which women in this community are attempting to address the multiple challenges of rural poverty and environmental risk and considers the potential of these strategies for gender equality.