不同覆盖措施对高寒地区剥离的草皮块堆放温湿度及成活的影响

重大工程建设会扰动高寒草地,法规要求扰动区草皮层应予以剥离,待工程建设后再用于恢复原生植被,当前对剥离草皮堆放成活的影响研究较少。试验设计遮阳网与穿孔膜两种覆盖条件,探讨分析其对剥离的草皮块堆放与铺植利用后土壤温湿度及草皮块返青覆盖度的影响,研究结果表明：遮阳网覆盖堆体较自然地表日均土壤温度显著降低,同时各深度层极大延长冻结期,降水对土壤水分的补充效应延后,并造成堆放期水分大量损失;穿孔膜覆盖堆体较自然地表提高了土壤温度,阻碍了降水对土壤水分的补充,并造成堆放后土壤吸持水能力降低。遮阳网覆盖的草皮块返青覆盖度显著高于穿孔膜覆盖的返青覆盖度,堆放期日平均土壤温度>0 ℃的堆放日数与草皮块返青覆盖度的线性拟合较好。工程建设中应尽量缩短堆放时长,采用透水透气类覆盖材料,增加土壤与空气热量交换,以维持更长的冻结期,并适时补充水分,提高草皮块铺植的恢复成效。     

Variation and pattern in the responses of mammal faunas to Late Pleistocene climatic change in southeastern South Australia

We examined mammal occurrence and variability through the Late Pleistocene vertebrate fossil deposit of Grant Hall in Victoria Fossil Cave, Naracoorte, South Australia. To determine long‐term patterns of change, we compared the composition and relative abundance trends of the assemblage with a nearby Middle Pleistocene deposit in Cathedral Cave. Total species richness did not change through the Grant Hall sequence, dated from 93 ± 8 to 70 ± 5 ka. However, species relative abundances varied between ecologically divergent species, and in some cases between species that demonstrate similar environmental preferences. For some species this variation is comparable to that recorded in Cathedral Cave. Of those showing similar trends between the two deposits, the forest inhabitant, Pseudomys fumeus, recorded an 8.6% decline through Grant Hall, coincident with a 9.7% increase in the dry heath/mallee dweller Pseudomys apodemoides. These patterns indicate that climatic transition from relatively warm, moist to cooler, drier conditions impacted some species in similar ways through climatic cycles of the past. However, the majority of the fauna demonstrated complex responses that are individual and variable through time. Statistical tests of species trends from the Grant Hall assemblage caution that large fossil samples are required to validate patterns observed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

曲线拟合法对路基小变形情形适用性研究

双曲线法、三点法、指数曲线法和Asaoka法等曲线拟合法在软土路基的沉降预测中已经得到广泛应用,但在路基小变形情形的应用研究尚少。结合某铁路客运专线施工现场观测的路基小变形数据,对这4种方法,探讨了时间起点和样本值的起止时间间隔对相关系数的影响,且验算后期观测值的预测效果;并综合考虑了相关系数和相对误差,研究每种方法的适用性;指出了4种拟合方法在路基小变形情形应用的优缺点。研究表明：数据的波动会造成指数曲线法无法计算;沉降数据波动较小时,双曲线法、三点法、Asaoka法的拟合效果均较好;当沉降数据波动较大时,仅三点法、Asaoka法的拟合效果较好,双曲线法较差。     

湿度效应及其对降水中δ18O季节分布的影响

提出了湿度效应的概念,即降水中稳定同位素比率与大气的温度露点差ΔT_d存在显著的正相关关系.对两个气候特征完全不同的取样站乌鲁木齐和昆明降水中δ¹⁸O与温度露点差之间的关系进行了分析,尽管两站的δ¹⁸O与ΔT_d的季节变化存在差异,但它们的湿度效应是显著的.利用稳定同位素动力分馏模型并根据500hPa月平均温度的季节分布对昆明站云中凝结物中δ¹⁸O进行了模拟,模拟的月平均δ¹⁸O与月平均温度的变化具有非常好的一致性,说明昆明站云中凝结物中的氧稳定同位素具有温度效应.这个结果与地面降水中氧稳定同位素的降水量效应截然不同.昆明站降水中δ¹⁸O一定程度上指示大气的干湿状况,同时也间接地指示降水量的多寡或季风的强弱.湿度效应的存在,影响降落雨滴中稳定同位素蒸发富集的强度以及雨滴与大气之间稳定同位素物质迁移的方向.它不仅改变降水中稳定同位素比率的大小,也改变其季节分布的特点.     

鄂尔多斯盆地南部环形区成因与秦祁海槽间构造关系

近年来,鄂尔多斯盆地南部环形影像特征逐渐引起人们的关注。这个独立于鄂尔多斯盆地的环形整体特殊形状的成因各有说法。在野外地质考察的基础上,通过分析对比和探究各种相关资料,发现：鄂尔多斯盆地南部环形区和秦祁海槽在各大构造运动中都有密切联系,二者处于同一应力场;鄂尔多斯盆地南部环形区的主要成因为其与秦祁海槽等周围块体之间的相互作用,包括挤压、碰撞、旋转和磨蚀;鄂尔多斯盆地南部环形区受到古生代到新生代多次构造运动的影响,其中燕山运动和喜马拉雅运动对其抬升及形状的形成起主要作用。     

开放洞穴环境变化特征及其影响因素:以桂林凉风洞为例

通过对桂林凉风洞洞穴内、外温湿度、pCO2进行连续高频监测,发现洞穴温度受大气度温影响呈现出季节性变化规律。由于受到洞穴结构的阻隔作用影响,洞穴由外向里的温度变化幅度逐渐变小,并且响应的时间存在季节性差异。监测数据表明:洞穴内部温度的季节性变化幅度明显低于洞外气温变化幅度。比较洞内、外温度的时间序列发现,在季节尺度上洞穴温度升温阶段滞后时间长（与外部通风的气温流动交换慢）,降温阶段滞后时间短（与外部通风的气温流动交换快,呈现突变特征）,这可能与不同季节洞穴内部结构的“缓冲作用”的强弱变化有关。该洞穴空气中pCO2存在明显的夏季高、冬季低的季节性变化特征。并且外界大气环境季节性变化和洞穴上覆动植物的季节性活动,使得洞穴pCO2主控因素也存在季节性差异。      

Environmental significance of C/C and O/O ratios of modern land-snail shells from the southern great plains of North America

¹³C/¹²C and ¹⁸O/¹⁶O ratios of aragonite shells of modern land snails from the southern Great Plains of North America were measured for samples from twelve localities in a narrow east-west corridor that extended from the Flint Hills in North Central Oklahoma to the foothills of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains in Northern New Mexico, USA. Across the study area, shell δ¹⁸O values (PDB scale) ranged from −4.1‰ to 1.2‰, while δ¹³C values ranged from −13.2‰ to 0.0‰. δ¹⁸O values of the shell aragonite were predicted with a published, steady state, evaporative flux balance model. The predicted values differed (with one exception) by less than 1‰ from locality averages of measured δ¹⁸O values. This similarity suggests that relative humidity at the time of snail activity is an important control on the δ¹⁸O values of the aragonite and emphasizes the seasonal nature of the climatic information preserved in the shells. Correlated δ¹³C values of coexisting Vallonia and Gastrocopta suggest similar feeding habits and imply that these genera can provide information on variations in southern Great Plains plant ecology. Although there is considerable scatter, multispecies, transect average δ¹³C values of the modern aragonite shells are related to variations in the type of photosynthesis (i.e., C₃, C₄) in the local plant communities. The results of this study emphasize the desirability of obtaining isotope ratios representing averages of many shells in a locale to reduce possible biases associated with local variations among individuals, species, etc., and thus better represent the “neighborhood” scale temporal and/or spatial environmental variations of interest in studies of modern and ancient systems.     

Identifying causes of ground-penetrating radar reflections using time-domain reflectometry and sedimentological analyses

Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is a geophysical technique widely used to study the shallow subsurface and identify various sediment features that reflect electromagnetic waves. However, little is known about the exact cause of GPR reflections because few studies have coupled wave theory to petrophysical data. In this study, a 100- and 200-MHz GPR survey was conducted on aeolian deposits in a quarry. Time-domain reflectometry (TDR) was used to obtain detailed information on the product of relative permittivity (ɛ_r) and relative magnetic permeability (μ_r), which mainly controls the GPR contrast parameter in the subsurface. Combining TDR data and lacquer peels from the quarry wall allowed the identification of various relationships between sediment characteristics and ɛ_rμ_r. Synthetic radar traces, constructed using the TDR logs and sedimentological data from the lacquer peels, were compared with the actual GPR sections. Numerous peaks in ɛ_rμ_r, which are superimposed on a baseline value of 4 for dry sand, are caused by potential GPR reflectors. These increases in ɛ_rμ_r coincide with the presence of either organic material, having a higher water content and relative permittivity than the surrounding sediment, or iron oxide bands, enhancing relative magnetic permeability and causing water to stagnate on top of them. Sedimentary structures, as reflected in textural change, only result in possible GPR reflections when the volumetric water content exceeds 0·055. The synthetic radar traces provide an improved insight into the behaviour of radar waves and show that GPR results may be ambiguous because of multiples and interference.     

珠Ⅰ坳陷油源对比及恩平组烃源岩的相对贡献

恩平组烃源岩成藏贡献研究对于拓展珠Ⅰ坳陷勘探新领域以及发现新的储量具有重要的应用价值, 目前相关研究较少.在油源对比的基础上, 将生标绝对含量与端元油配比实验相结合, 研究了珠Ⅰ坳陷恩平组烃源岩对单井油样的相对贡献.油源对比结果指示, 研究区原油可分为3类: 第1类源自始新统文昌组中深湖相烃源岩, 主要分布在惠陆低凸起、番禺4洼、流花凸起等地区; 第2类源自始新统-渐新统恩平组湖沼相烃源岩, 仅分布在惠州凹陷北部; 第3类为混源油, 发现于惠州凹陷南部和恩平凹陷.甾萜类绝对含量等7个指标建立的混源比例图版适用于计算油样中前两类烃源岩的相对贡献.计算结果表明, 文昌组烃源岩是珠Ⅰ坳陷的主力烃源岩, 恩平组烃源岩仅对惠州凹陷和恩平凹陷中的部分油样存在贡献.