集团异化与亚太区域经济合作

集团异化现象是集团化进程中的一种逆反行为,集中反映在经互会的解体和围绕“赫一伯法”而导致的北美集团成员国之间制裁与反制裁的公开对抗。冷战结束后这种现象异常活跃,而且具有广泛的世界意义。文章阐述了集团异化的概念和当代的集团异化现象和异化效应;分析了集团异化产生的国际背景与内因。作者进而指出,在新的国际形势下,集团异化构成为集团化进程中的一种新现象和新问题,并非偶然;最后探讨了它对于发展亚太区域经济合作的理论意义和现实意义。     

日本90年代区域差异的现状与趋势

在都道府县层次上,日本的经济区域差异已比较小。从ＧＤＰ的人均生产额来说,最高的东京都与最低的奈良县之比为３倍左右;从人均分配所得来说,最高的东京与最低的冲绳县之比只有２倍左右。所以分配的差异比生产的差异更小。但人口密度和经济密度的区域差异仍很突出。人口密度的差异达到７０多倍。经济密度的差异更达到１６０多倍。日本经济区域差异的缩小主要发生在６０、７０年代,在８０年代反而有所扩大,９０年代主要由于泡沫经济的破灭又有所缩小。在今后几年,在泡沫经济破灭、东亚经济危机等暂时因素和较高的经济发展水平、越来越注重环境和福利的价值观等长远因素的作用下,日本的区域差异还将进一步缩小。     

安徽省山地旅游资源定量评价与开发

在大量调查数据的基础上,运用定量方法对安徽山地旅游资源进行评价分析,并将其山地风景名胜区划为三个等级,最后提出该省山地旅游资源的开发设想．     

国内外体育旅游研究评述

体育旅游已经成为旅游产业中增长最快的部份之一,体育旅游也变得越来越普遍。目前,国外体育旅游研究正朝规范化的道路发展,而中国仍处于体育旅游研究的初级阶段。通过比较分析国内外体育旅游的发展及其理论研究,对体育旅游的基本概念、分类、特点、学科属性及开发研究等问题进行了介绍和评述,从中总结出发展体育旅游的必要性、机遇及挑战。     

旅游业的发展对丽江古城社会文化的影响

旅游业的发展对旅游目的地的社会文化产生的影响是巨大的.丽江古城也遭受着同样的命运,这种影响集中表现在丽江古城功能的转变、社会网络的变迁和文化的涵化.这些影响都是由于旅游业的迅速发展引起的,而且还在加深.只有认识到以上的影响才能为下一步采取措施来控制这些影响提供前提保障.     

旅游电子商务在旅游业中的应用前景

随着计算机网络技术在商务活动中的应用，旅游电子商务成为当今旅游业发展的关键所在。从宏观和微观因素分析，旅游产品适合发展电子商务，旅游市场成熟、信息供应及时、配送便利、支付问题的解决等因素为旅游电子商务发展提供了可能，旅游电子商务目前主要有BTOB模式、BTOC模式、CTOC和CTOB模式。根据中国的国情，“酒店平台”管理系统使用于中国酒店销售管理，而中小旅行社可以采取“入主市场”的方式，利用旅游代理商的知名度和资源优势开拓国内及国际市场，大型的旅行社可采用“网社合一”的方式，把旅游网站作为一种新渠道，投入资金、人力完善网上的各种服务，建立国际知名的品牌形象。     

试论生态旅游的生态化道路--以自然生态旅游区为例

生态旅游已成为当今世界旅游发展的潮流。然而，在生态旅游开发过程中，存在着众多的。非生态化”现象，尤其是在自然生态旅游区。分析当前自然生态旅游区旅游开发和建设中的“非生态化”现象，主要包括盲目开发，自然景观破坏严重；游客严重超载，生态环境受破坏；人造景观和设施泛滥，景观污染和趋同现象严重；管理和文明建设落后，文化景观功能退化或受损等。运用景观生态学原理和生态安全理论等，从景观功能分区、旅游生态管理容量、景观结构生态设计、景观生态安全格局构建、生态教育等方面提出自然生态旅游区的生态化道路。     

中国旅游企业集团战略联盟的博弈分析

加入WTO后，中国旅游企业面临前所未有的挑战和冲击。为适应经济形式的发展。中国旅游企业中开始大规模的联合、重组和改制。在旅游企业的整合过程中，以战略联盟的形式来实现企业的规模经营是中国旅游企业生存和发展的有效措施之一。在战略联盟过程中，以动态博弈的方法对企业之间的联盟做出及时、有效的分析，可使旅游企业清楚自己在联盟中的地位与得失，最大限度的避免负效应，力争获得最大的经济效益。     

Double transformation at the eastern border of the EU: the case of the Euroregion pro Europa Viadrina

One of the major means to foster European integration is the establishment of border spanning regions (‘Euroregions’). This is particularly important on the Eastern borders of the EU, e.g. in Eastern Germany. There, however, a double transformation to post-socialist society is taking place, both inside and outside the EU. Tensions arise between objectives on local and higher political levels, intensified by totally different economic structures and access to EU funds on both sides of the border. This is particularly true for the case of the emerging Euroregion Viadrina. Problems in preserving old industrialised localities in East Germany (e.g. steel) and attempts to resurrect the urban fair place Frankfurt/Oder, clash with transition in agriculture and consumer industries and with new concepts in tourism development and environmental protection in the Polish border zone. In region building, political, economic and ideological goals compete with each other. Local initiatives and higher political governance may both support and hamper each other. The same holds true for the interdependence of cultural integration and economic development. The paper concludes that regional economic development can only be expected if, via the building of the Euroregion, the interplay of these factors leads to compromise and harmonization between the different parties involved. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Geochemistry of overbank and high-order stream sediments in Belgium and Luxembourg: a way to assess environmental pollution

A geochemical survey of Belgium and Luxembourg was carried out as part of an international research project entitled ‘Regional geochemical mapping of Western Europe towards the year 2000'. The aim of this research was to map regional background geochemical patterns based on pristine or at least pre-industrial overbank samples and to deduce regional information on the degree of environmental pollution of floodplain and present-day river sediments. Over the entire study area (about 33,000 km²), 66 overbank sites have been sampled. Catchment areas range between 60 and 600 km². At each site an overbank profile has been dug out in the immediate vicinity of the river and described in detail. A first composite sample was taken 5–25 cm below the surface. This sample is supposed to represent deposition over the last centuries. Human interferences in this interval are often inferable based on changed sedimentary characteristics and the presence of anthropogenic particles such as charcoal, slags and brick fragments. A second composite sample was taken at depth, usually >1.5 m below the surface over an interval of about 20 cm. In most sites, the profile characteristics allowed to assume pre-industrial or even pristine conditions for this lower overbank sample. In some profiles this was confirmed by ¹⁴C-dating and/or by the absence of anthropogenic particles. Finally, a present-day stream sediment was sampled on the site to infer the actual pollution status. After drying at 80°C, disaggregation and sieving, the <125 μm fractions of the three sediment samples were analysed by XRF for major elements and several trace elements. Lower overbank samples generally show a direct link with the geological substrate and allow to assess natural background concentrations. Results from the mapping exercise as well as from the statistical analyses display a clear contrast between the northern part of Belgium where Cenozoic unconsolidated sandy and silty formations dominate which are especially vulnerable for erosion, and the southern part of Belgium and Luxembourg where Paleozoic and Mesozoic sandstones, carbonates, marls and shales are the prevalent lithologies. Here the shales are the most intensively eroded lithologies. This is especially reflected in the element patterns of Al₂O₃, MgO, K₂O, Ga, Ni, Rb, Sc and V which negatively correlate with SiO₂. Despite the human related pollution, the geological contrast between north and south Belgium is still recognisable in the geochemical pattern of the upper overbank and present-day stream sediment samples for the above-mentioned elements. Furthermore there is a clear increase in heavy metal contents (Zn, Cd, Pb, Cu), As and in certain locations in Ba from the lower to the upper overbank sediment, as well as to the present-day stream sediment. The relative increase in element content allows to assess the degree of pollution and helps to define those drainage areas where more detailed research is needed.