COMMENTS ON “SPATIAL VARIATION OF HILLSLOPE PROFILES IN THE CUMBERLAND PLATEAU,KENTUCKY” BY EDMUND B. WOOOS

Book Reviewed in this article:

Main Street: Northeastern Oregon: The Founding and Development of Small Towns. Barbara Ruth Bailey.

Food Politics: The Regional Conflict. David N. Balaam and Michael J. Carey, eds.

The International Economy and Industrial Development: Trade and Investment in the Third World. R. Ballance, J. Ansari and H. Singer.

Neighborhoods in Urban America. Ronald H. Bayor, ed.

The English Heartland. By Robert Beckinsale and Monica Beckinsale.

Regional Dimensions of Industrial Policy. Michael E. Bell and Paul S. Lande, eds.

Tension Areas of the World. D. Gordon Bennett, ed.

Latin America: an Introductory Survey. B. W. Blouet and O. M. Blouet, eds.

Integration and Division: Geographical Perspectives on the Northern Ireland Problem. Frederick W. Boal and J. Neville H. Douglas, eds.

Energy and Land Use. Robert W. Burchell and David Listokin, eds.

Slopes and Weathering. Michael Clarke and John Small.

Alaska's Rural Development. Peter G. Cornwall and Gerald McBeath, eds.

The Politics of Park Design: A History of Urban Parks in America. Galen Cranz.

World Congress on Land Policy, 1980, Proceedings. Matthew Cullen and Sharon Woolery, eds.

Oregon Divided: A Regional Geography. Samuel N. Dicken and Emily F. Dicken.

Urban Food Marketing and Third World Rural Development. T. Scarlett Epstein.

South Africa: Spatial Frameworks for Development. T. J. D. Fair.

Institutions and Geographical Patterns. Robin Flowerdew, ed.

Industrialization of U.S. Agriculture, An Interpretive Atlas. Howard F. Gregor.

Planning Theory: Prospects for the 1980s. Patsy Healy, Glen McDougall and Michael J. Thomas, eds.

Neighborhood Mobilization: Redevelopment and Response. Jeffrey R. Henig.

The American Urban System: A Geographical Perspective. R. J. Johnston.

Climate, History and the Modern World. Hubert H. Lamb.

Climate and History: Studies in Past Climates and Their Impact on Man. T. M. L. Wigley, M. J. Ingram and G. Farmer.

China: Railways and Agricultural Development, 1875–1935. Ernest P. Liang.

A Desirable Energy Future—A National Perspective. Robert S. Livingston, T. D. Anderson, T. M. Besmann, M. Olszewski, A. M. Perry, and C. D. West.

Topothesia: Essays Presented to T. S. Ó Máille. B. S. Mac Aodha, ed.

Transportation for the Poor: Research in Rural Mobility. Hal S. Maggied.

Land Uses in American Cities. Harold M. Mayer and Charles R. Haves.

Industrial Organisation and Location. Philip McDermott and Michael Taylor.

Human Adaptability: an Introduction to Ecological Anthropology. Emilio F. Moran.

Regional Analysis and the New International Division of Labor. Frank Moulaert and Patricia W. Salinas, eds.

The Nuclear War Atlas. Victoriaville, Quebec, Canada:

Urbanization and Environmental Quality. Isao Orishimo.

The Garden of Eden: The Botanic Garden and the Re-Creation of Paradise. John Prest.

Earthfire, The Eruption of Mount St. Helens. Charles Rosenfeld and Robert Cooke.

Contest for the South China Sea. Marwyn S. Samuels.

The Future of the Wetlands: Assessing Visual-Cultural Values. Richard C. Smardon, ed.

Tucson: the Life and Times of An American City. C. L. Sonnichsen.

The Geography of Multinationals. Michael Taylor and Nigel Thrift, eds.

Impact of Marine Pollution on Society. Virginia Tippie and Dana Kester.

Reviving the Industrial City: the Politics of Urban Renewal in Lyon and Birmingham. Jerry A. Webman.

Andean Reflections: Letters from Carl O. Sauer While on a South American Trip under a Grant from the Rockefeller Foundation, 1942. Robert C. West, ed.

Cartographic Drawing with Computers. P. Yoeli.     

Regional development and the impact of the public sector in Denmark: employment growth and human capital

This paper analyses the relationships between employment growth, human capital and regional development. To understand the spatial development of employment growth, we distinguish between the public and the private sector. The public sector has a major role in Denmark in the form of a large share of total employment and employment growth across space. We examine in particular the uneven geography of human capital and the relationships between the growth of human capital and total employment growth by Danish municipalities. It is moreover analysed, whether there is a concentration of human capital in the largest city-regions, and how such concentrations contribute to the uneven geography of employment growth. The paper concludes that both the public and private sectors are important regarding employment growth in Danish municipalities. Further, public and private human capital contributes to employment growth, and the public sector contributes, over time, to diminishing the uneven spatial distribution of human capital while the private sector increases the spatial inequality. Moreover, urbanisation has a significant effect on employment growth and human capital formation, both when it comes to the large city regions, and, in general, the distance to city centres.     

贫困视角下的中国区域经济增长规律及其管治研究

采用贫穷增长曲线方法,研究了中国的区域经济增长规律。根据中国1994~2006年地级市的人口和GDP数据,总体来看,随着经济增长,中国地区差距呈扩大趋势,但区域平均GDP增长率越高,地区差距拉大的趋势就越小。1998~2000年,受亚洲金融危机影响,中国呈现贫困化经济增长,GDP增长率最低,地区差距急剧扩大;2003~2004年是亚洲金融危机后中国平均GDP增长率最高的年份,基本符合减贫经济增长,地区差距缩小;其余年份基本符合涓滴经济增长,即随着经济增长,虽然绝对贫穷得到了缓解,但贫困地区人口的收入份额降低,地区差距扩大。针对这种情况,提出了中国经济增长的区域管治是必要的。     

江苏省科技人才区域差异演变研究

以各类专业技术人员表征科技人才,采用变异系数、标准差及泰尔指数来分析1996~2008年江苏省科技人才数量区域差异演变,并从定量和定性两个方面来对科技人才数量区域差异的影响因素进行研究。结果发现:1996~2008年江苏省科技人才总数在不断增加,但是其绝对差异和相对差异呈明显拉大的趋势,科技人才在一些地区更为集中。江苏省科技人才数量区域差异主要由地带间差异造成,地带间差异对总差异的影响度自1996年以来一直在70%以上,尤其2000年后其更是达到83%以上;地带间差异以1998年为界呈先减小后迅速上升的趋势;苏北地带内差异最大,而苏中最小。城镇固定资产投资额是影响科技人才数量差异变化的重要因素之一;政策对科技人才数量变动具有迅速而显著影响;国内生产总值及国际互联网用户数对科技人才数量差异变化具有一定的影响;而职工平均工资对解释科技人才数量区域差异作用有限。     

Hydrological implications of land use and land cover change: Spatial analytical approach at regional scale in the closed basin of the Cuitzeo Lake,Michoacan, Mexico

A spatially distributed water balance model was used to assess the influence of regional land use and land cover change in a poorly gauged basin for the years 1975 and 2000. To carry out this study in the Cuitzeo Lake basin in Michoacan, Mexico, remote sensing and geographic information system tools were integrated in the water balance model. In addition, a transition matrix analysis was used to determine the dynamic change of categories of related hydrologic processes. The analysis of the water balance components, based on landforms and transition matrix, indicated a tendency of improvement in the regional hydrologic conditions in the basin. As a consequence of urban land use growth, however, plains and footslopes of the basin showed an increase of runoff values. In addition, in both years, the topographic lower sections of the basin exhibited a high demand for water from the increased urban land use, along with degradation of Cuitzeo Lake, particularly by pollution and reduction of water supply. The approach used here is suitable for understanding the change in quantity and spatial distribution of water available in poorly gauged basins.     

陕西省区域可持续发展水平的综合评价

从区域可持续发展的观点出发 ,针对陕西省区域特征 ,建立了可持续发展指标体系和评估方法 ,通过对区域十个地市可持续发展系统的综合评价 ,分析区域发展。     

试析我国企业跨国经营地域市场战略

制定和实施正确的国际市场战略，是企业从事跨国经营的首要前提和成功的关键。文章首先阐述影响企业跨国经营地域市场选择的主要因素，进而分析世界主要地域市场的特征，最后重点探讨了我国企业跨国经营地域市场战略。     

中国城市群的竞争力及对区域差异的影响

城市群已成为中国推进新型城镇化的主体形态,但各城市群的发展水平和在区域经济发展中的地位不同。本文引入竞争力这一概念,通过对城市群竞争力概念、内涵和评价方法的回顾,从经济竞争力、人力资源竞争力、基础设施竞争力、国际化竞争力和科技竞争力五个方面构建中国城市群竞争力评价指标体系。研究结果发现中国城市群的竞争力存在着发展水平差异和区域差异。按照综合竞争力和五项一级指标竞争力评价,13个城市群的发展水平可以分为四个层次：第一层次包括长三角、京津唐和珠三角三大城市群,是中国的经济中心和参与国际竞争合作的重要平台;第二层次包括成渝、山东半岛、辽中南、武汉等四个城市群,它们在部分方面的竞争力体现出了一定的优势和潜力,是区域经济的增长极。第三、第四层次城市群的竞争力较为薄弱。本文进一步提出城市群核心竞争力的概念,科创能力、国际化水平、资本集聚度是构成城市群核心竞争力的三大要素,城市群核心竞争力的差异在很大程度上造成了中国三大地带之间的发展差异,且由于先进生产要素分布的高度不均衡,中国区域发展差异的现象还将长期存在。     

基于乡村弹性的乡村振兴理论认知与路径研究

在人类社会发展转型过程中出现的乡村衰退问题已成为全球性趋势,亟需实施乡村振兴。科学、系统把握乡村地域系统的演化规律,深入揭示乡村系统与外界发展环境的交互作用模式,提升乡村自身抵御、适应外界环境变化的弹性,是实现乡村振兴与可持续发展的必由之路。本文从乡村弹性视角理论解析了乡村地域系统演化与乡村振兴。研究发现：① 乡村弹性包含乡村系统对外界扰动冲击的抵御能力、适应能力与实现全新发展的转型能力。② 乡村演化分异是乡村地域系统与外界发展主导因素交互作用的结果。在此过程中,乡村弹性决定着不同发展阶段乡村地域系统的演化方式和结果。③ 打造多功能乡村、实施乡村整治工程、培育乡村社会资本对构建弹性乡村起着重要的推动作用。文章强调应科学识别乡村地域系统,差异化制定培育与提升乡村弹性的实施方案,实现乡村系统功能、结构及运行达到均衡状态。     

Transformations in the discipline of geography experienced over 60 years by a Norwegian geographer

ABSTRACT

The article presents the changes in the discipline of geography over 60 years as experienced both in fieldwork and in practice by a Norwegian geographer. Based on diaries and collections of memoirs, the author, Arild Holt-Jensen, presents his life story and how it has been impacted by people, places and special events. His intention is to show how geography and his own work reflect social, political and intellectual changes since the late 1950s. Initially, a regional geography approach was adopted in the fieldwork for his master’s thesis but the approach was challenged by new ideas and methods from both the spatial science school and model thinking. As a young lecturer in 1968, the author was shocked by the positivism debate and critical philosophy, and his spatial science and quantitative approach in his PhD project had to be adapted. His political engagement and interest in planning led him to research social exclusion in European neighbourhoods. His need to trace the identity of geography as a discipline resulted in a textbook that throughout the years has been updated by following up on research trends to the present. Thus, the book and the article show Holt-Jensen’s shifts in disciplinary identity and research practice.