小海岛固体废弃物产生特点与处置模式研究

为探求小海岛固体废弃物合理的处理方式,通过文献资料查阅及对我国南海海岛的实地调查,总结出国内外小海岛固废的产生特点为夏秋季节总产量高于冬春季节、日人均产量高于大陆地区、组分以有机垃圾和可燃垃圾为主,处理方式以全部岛内填埋、全部岛外处理和岛内外协同处理为主。针对小海岛的环境特点,探讨出近距离小海岛"岛内生化+岛外焚烧、回收利用"和中远距离海岛"岛内生化+岛内焚烧"的固废处置模式,以期为我国小海岛合理开发治理提供参考。     

丙丁废醪处理过程中产生的结晶物资源化途径

经深入研究, 确定华北制药厂丙丁废醪厌氧-好氧处理过程中产生的白色结晶物为磷酸铵镁, 其堵塞管道, 影响生产.从理论和工艺技术上有针对性地提出了几种解决途径, 由此, 不仅可以克服堵塞管道的弊端, 而且可以使其得到有效利用, 变废为宝.      

辉石岩：高压结晶还是再循环洋壳？

        辉石岩有三种不同的成因：（1）堆晶成因（Ⅰ类辉石岩） ;（2）再循环洋壳变质成因（Ⅱ类辉石岩） ;（3）交代成 因。 I 类辉石岩由橄榄岩部分熔融产生的熔体在岩浆通道内上升过程中,在1.5~2.5 GPa 压力范围内结晶形成。常具有堆晶 结构或火成结构,在 CaO/MgO-SiO2/MgO 图解中无明显的线性关系,无Eu 异常,其 Sr-Nd-O 同位素组成与幔源岩浆相似。 II 类辉石岩多数为再循环洋壳的变质产物,常具变晶结构,在CaO/MgO-SiO2/MgO 图解中形成明显的线性关系,具Eu 正异常, 其εNd 值与MORB 相似,而Sr 同位素比值变化范围大;其O 同位素组成与原岩有关,如原岩是洋壳下部,δ18O < 地幔值; 如原岩是洋壳上部,则δ18O > 地幔值。交代成因辉石岩是熔体- 橄榄岩相互反应的结果,常被方辉橄榄岩或纯橄岩包围, 矿物种类相对其他两类辉石岩单一,在CaO/MgO-SiO2/MgO 图解中较分散,其εNd 值较II 类辉石岩低,而Sr 同位素比值变 化较小,δ18O 值低于、高于、近似于地幔值都存在。再循环洋壳在俯冲到地幔深部和随超基性岩体上升的过程中由流体萃 取作用和部分熔融作用形成化学成分丰富的流体和熔体,这些熔/ 流体或交代围岩橄榄岩将其转化为辉石岩,或直接高压 结晶形成辉石岩,或者由洋壳变质形成的榴辉岩经退变质形成Ⅱ类辉石岩。上述过程导致了在同一超基性岩体中各类成分、 成因不同辉石岩共存的现象。     

Continental recycling and true continental growth

Continental crust is very important for evolution of life because most bioessential elements are supplied from continent to ocean. In addition, the distribution of continent affects climate because continents have much higher albedo than ocean, equivalent to cloud. Conventional views suggest that continental crust is gradually growing through the geologic time and that most continental crust was formed in the Phanerozoic and late Proterozoic. However, the thermal evolution of the Earth implies that much amounts of continental crust should be formed in the early Earth. This is “Continental crust paradox”.Continental crust comprises granitoid, accretionary complex, and sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. The latter three components originate from erosion of continental crust because the accretionary and metamorphic complexes mainly consist of clastic materials. Granitoid has two components: a juvenile component through slab-melting and a recycling component by remelting of continental materials. Namely, only the juvenile component contributes to net continental growth. The remains originate from recycling of continental crust. Continental recycling has three components: intracrustal recycling, crustal reworking, and crust–mantle recycling, respectively. The estimate of continental growth is highly varied. Thermal history implied the rapid growth in the early Earth, whereas the present distribution of continental crust suggests the slow growth. The former regards continental recycling as important whereas the latter regarded as insignificant, suggesting that the variation of estimate for the continental growth is due to involvement of continental recycling.We estimated erosion rate of continental crust and calculated secular changes of continental formation and destruction to fit four conditions: present distribution of continental crust (no continental recycling), geochronology of zircons (intracontinental recycling), Hf isotope ratios of zircons (crustal reworking) and secular change of mantle temperature. The calculation suggests some important insights. (1) The distribution of continental crust around at 2.7 Ga is equivalent to the modern amounts. (2) Especially, the distribution of continental crust from 2.7 to 1.6 Ga was much larger than at present, and the sizes of the total continental crust around 2.4, 1.7, and 0.8 Ga became maximum. The distribution of continental crust has been decreasing since then. More amounts of continental crust were formed at higher mantle temperatures at 2.7, 1.9, and 0.9 Ga, and more amounts were destructed after then. As a result, the mantle overturns led to both the abrupt continental formation and destruction, and extinguished older continental crust. The timing of large distribution of continental crust apparently corresponds to the timing of icehouse periods in Precambrian.     

桐柏北部黄岗侵入杂岩岛弧构造环境的厘定

出露于北秦岭桐柏北部的黄岗侵入杂岩形成于早古生代 ,有超基性、基性和中酸性岩石产出 ,以中酸性岩石为主。主量元素和微量元素地球化学特征显示 ,黄岗侵入杂岩是同源岩浆分异结晶的产物 ,同位素示踪反映岩浆中含有一定比例的陆壳物质。分析表明 ,黄岗侵入杂岩形成于类似大洋板块俯冲的岛弧构造环境 ,与二郎坪弧后盆地向北的俯冲消减有密切联系 ,其中的陆壳物质来自俯冲板上陆壳沉积物的再循环。     

同位素地球化学填图与化学地球动力学在东秦岭造山带研究中的应用

总结了应用同位素地球化学填图和化学地球动力学研究东秦岭造山带的初步经验，并以较成功的实例来说明，内容包括：（１）华北和扬子克拉通幔源和壳源岩石化学和Ｎｄ、Ｐｂ同位素组成及壳幔演化差异的确定；（２）南秦岭前寒武纪基底应归属于扬子陆块构造－地球化学省的地球化学论证；（３）关于东秦岭蛇绿岩铅同位素的Ｄｕｐａｌ型特征及其同三江地区（属古特提斯范围）蛇绿岩的相似性的揭示；（４）北秦岭元古宙基底可能为古洋岛型微陆块的地球化学证据；（５）东秦岭新元古代和早古生代洋壳俯冲消减及聚汇带壳－幔再循环的地球化学证据；（６）关于陆－陆碰撞过程中杨子陆块边缘（南秦岭）俯冲于华北陆块边缘（北秦岭）之下，从碰撞型花岗质岩浆源区地球化学研究获得的直接证据。这些初步成果说明同位素填图与化学地球动力学在造山带研究中是具有重要前景的技术途径。     

基于循环采样统计的敦煌辐射校正场表面反射比空间变异特征研究

利用地学统计中的变差函数,采用循环采样法对敦煌辐射校正场表面反射比的空间分布特征进行了测量和分析,结果表明,其可见光光谱区表面反射比的空间变程约为20～50 m。目前使用的同步测量采样范围（〈5 m）明显小于光谱数据的空间变程,使得测量数据的随机性误差较大,不能准确地代表大尺度的平均反射比。为了减少测量尺度差异造成的偏差,地表同步反射比测量的空间采样范围应该不小于卫星光谱测量数据的空间变程。     

我国凹凸棒石黏土开发利用研究中实行循环经济的途径

针对我国凹凸棒石黏土开发利用现状、存在的主要问题和循环经济的要求,分析探讨了我国凹凸棒石黏土开发利用研究中实行循环经济的途径。结果表明,重视凹凸棒石黏土物化性能和有益有害元素的检测、表征与评价,实行绿色设计、清洁生产,提高科技含量,开发环境友好产品,加强和重视矿山综合性开采与资源的合理化利用技术、环境无害化技术、废弃物综合利用技术、矿山复垦生态环境技术等是实行循环经济的重要途径。     

Some Key Problems on the Petrogenesis of Seafloor Basalts,Abyssal Peridotites and Geodynamics—A Non-traditional Isotope Approach

This paper discusses some major research to be carried out in the next five years in the newly established Laboratory of Ocean Lithosphere and Mantle Geodynamics. By using our existing sample collections of global mid-ocean ridge basalts, gabbros and abyssal peridotites from the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian oceans, the research includes: ①Using Ti-Zr-Hf stable isotope methods to test the hypothesis that the observed huge Nb-Ta and Zr-Hf fractionations result from mass-dependent fractionation under mantle magmatic conditions; ②Using a MORB sample suite of uniform ratios of incompatible elements and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes with large major element compositional variation to test the common hypothesis of iron isotope fractionation, i.e, the affinity of heavy Fe with ferric Fe (Fe³⁺), and both heavy Fe and ferric Fe (Fe³⁺) being more incompatible than light Fe and ferrous Fe (Fe²⁺) during magma evolution; while using an incompatible trace element and Sr-Nd-Pb isotope highly variable MORB suite to test the same hypothesis during low-degree mantle melting (i.e, the effect of mantle metasomatism); ③Proposing and testing the hypothesis that the high oxygen fugacity of the Earth’s mantle is a consequence of plate tectonics by subducting partially serpentinized oceanic mantle lithosphere with abundant ferric Fe (e.g. Fe³⁺/SFe>2); ④The recent work by Andersen et al. (Nature, 2015) is a milestone contribution by using U isotope variation in oceanic basalts to hypothesize that the O₂-rich atmosphere since the late Archean (abont 2.4 Ga) mobilized the water soluble U (6+ vs. 4+) from continents, transported to the ocean and subducted with sediments to the upper mantle, which explains the low Th/U in MORB (<2.5) and the high Th/U (>3.5) ocean island basalts (OIB) do not see such U addition effect probably because OIB source materials are all ancient (> abont 2.4 Ga) if there were subducted component. The Cenozoic alkali basalts from eastern China are ideal materials for evaluating the significance of the subducted seafloor materials for the petrogenesis of OIB and enriched MORB by using the U isotope approach, which is expected to revise and improve the Andersen et al hypothesis.     

钽铌钨锡多金属矿分离加工废水处理工艺研究

研究了采用石灰中和＋化学絮凝沉淀、有机复合脱氮剂分质处理钽铌钨锡多金属矿分离加工产生的酸性和碱性废水,氟化物、氨氮去除率可达到99.9%以上,重金属离子去除率可达到99%以上,氨回收率可达到98%以上。该处理工艺可实现废水资源化,回收的稀氨水可返回生产工艺再利用,具有良好的环境效益和经济效益。