单频GPS快速定位中病态问题的解法研究

研究只利用少数历元GPS载波相位观测值进行快速定位时的新解法.在分析病态法矩阵结构特性的基础上,基于TIKHONOV正则化原理,提出一种选择正则化矩阵R的新方法,减弱法方程的病态性.与其他方法相比,新方法得到与模糊度准确值更接近的浮动解及其相应的均方误差矩阵.结合LAMBDA方法,用均方误差矩阵代替协方差阵确定模糊度的搜索范围,可准确快速地确定模糊度,最后得到基线向量的解.结合算例,将新解法与最小二乘估计、岭估计和截断奇异值法分别结合LAMBDA方法解算模糊度的结果进行比较分析,展示新解法的效果.     

含碳粉末触媒的制备及其金刚石合成研究

采用快速急冷工艺制备含碳粉末触媒,并以此触媒为原料,在国产DS6×800A型铰链式六面顶压机上进行金刚石合成实验;实验结果表明:在高速冷却条件下(冷速为104℃/s～106℃/s),大量石墨碳被固溶在触媒材料内部,固溶在触媒材料内部的石墨碳形态有球形、长条形及其它不规则形状;固溶石墨碳的存在有利于石墨碳源在高温高压金刚石合成过程中的溶解与传输,从而,缩短了触媒溶剂中溶解碳达到过饱和的时间,提高了金刚石的形核率和合成单产。     

细微矿物拉曼成像分析技术与方法研究

岩矿鉴定是各类地质工作开展的基础,其鉴定水平和质量直接影响着工作的深入程度和研究程度.传统鉴定方法受人员自身经验水平、光学显微镜分辨率等因素的影响较大,对于现今需要研究的细微稀有矿物、细粒沉积岩矿物等很难准确地识别鉴定.而依托高精密大型仪器的技术方法多数对样品制备有特殊要求,不利于样品的再利用,诸如扫描电镜、电子探针等...     

副溶血弧菌胶体金快速检测试纸的研制及应用

副溶血弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus)是海水养殖动物弧菌病的主要病原菌之一。为实现对该菌的现场快速检测,本文以制备的兔抗副溶血弧菌多克隆抗体作为金标抗体,提取副溶血弧菌的外膜蛋白、鞭毛蛋白、胞外产物和全菌蛋白,以不同浓度的4种抗原蛋白作为4条检测线(T1~T4),特别在T4线设置全菌蛋白,基于竞争免疫层析原理研制出副溶血弧菌胶体金快速检测试纸。使用该试纸检测了副溶血弧菌(V.parahaemolyticus)、鳗弧菌(V.anguillarum)、溶藻弧菌(V.alginolyticus)、哈维氏弧菌(V.harveyi)和鱼肠道弧菌(V.ichthyoenteri),检测结果表明其能够准确鉴别副溶血弧菌感染,排除其他菌的交叉反应干扰。副溶血弧菌快速检测试纸的最低检测限为5×105 cfu·mL^-1,感染副溶血弧菌的牙鲆组织的检测结果与ELISA结果一致。本文研制的试纸具有较高的特异性与准确性且操作简单,为现场快速检测副溶血弧菌提供了有力工具。     

Multiple Uplift and Exhumation of the Southeastern Tibetan Plateau: Evidence from Low-Temperature Thermochronology

Since the Cenozoic, the Tibetan Plateau has experienced large-scale uplift and outgrowth due to the India–Asia collision. However, the mechanism and timing of these tectonic processes still remain debated. Here, using apatite fission track dating and inverse thermal modeling, we explore the mechanism of different phases of rapid cooling for different batholiths and intrusions in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau. In contrast to previous views, we find that the coeval granitic batholith exposed in the same tectonic zone experienced differential fast uplift in different sites, indicating that the present Tibetan Plateau was the result of differential uplift rather than the entire lithosphere uplift related to lithospheric collapse during Cenozoic times. In addition, we also suggest that the 5–2 Ma mantle-related magmatism should be regarded as the critical trigger for the widely coeval cooling event in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau, because it led to the increase in atmospheric CO2 level and a hotter upper crust than before, which are efficient for suddenly fast rock weathering and erosion. Finally, we propose that the current landform of the southeastern Tibetan Plateau was the combined influences of tectonic and climate.     

INTENSITY CHANGE CHARACTERISTICS OF TROPICAL CYCLONES IN THE WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC AS REVEALED BY THREE DIFFERENT DATASETS

Analyzed in this paper are the 20-yr(1991-2010)tropical cyclone(TC)intensity from three forecast centers in the Western North Pacific,i.e.China Meteorological Administration(CMA),Japan Meteorological Agency(JMA),and Joint Typhoon Warning Center(JTWC)of the United States.Results show that there is more or less discrepancy in the intensity change of a TC among different datasets.The maximum discrepancy reaches 22 hPa/6h(42 hPa/6h,33 hPa/6h)between CMA and JMA(CMA and JTWC,JMA and JTWC).Special attention is paid to the records for abrupt intensity change,which is currently a difficult issue for forecasters globally.It is found that an abrupt intensity change process recorded by one dataset can have,in some extreme cases,intensity change in another dataset varying from 0 to≥10 hPa/6h with the same sign or the opposite sign.In a total of 2511 cases experiencing rapid intensity change,only 14%have consensus among all the three datasets and 25%have agreement between two of the three datasets.In spite of such a significant uncertainty,the three datasets agree on the general statistical characteristics of abrupt intensity change,including regional and seasonal distribution,the relationship with initial intensity and TC moving speed,and persistence features.Notable disagreement is on very strong systems(SuperTY)and TCs moving very fast.     

An Implementation of Full Cycle Strategy Using Dynamic Blending for Rapid Refresh Short-range Weather Forecasting in China

The partial cycle(PC) strategy has been used in many rapid refresh cycle systems(RRC) for regional short-range weather forecasting. Since the strategy periodically reinitializes the regional model(RM) from the global model(GM)forecasts to correct the large-scale drift, it has replaced the traditional full cycle(FC) strategy in many RRC systems.However, the extra spin-up in the PC strategy increases the computer burden on RRC and generates discontinuous smallscale systems among cycles. This study returns to the FC strategy but with initial fields generated by dynamic blending(DB) and data assimilation(DA). The DB ingests the time-varied large-scale information from the GM to the RM to generate less-biased background fields. Then the DA is performed. We applied the new FC strategy in a series of 7-day batch forecasts with the 3-hour cycle in July 2018, and February, April, and October 2019 over China using a Weather Research and Forecast(WRF) model-based RRC. A comparison shows that the new FC strategy results in less model bias than the PC strategy in most state variables and improves the forecast skills for moderate and light precipitation. The new FC strategy also allows the model to reach a balanced state earlier and gives favorable forecast continuity between adjacent cycles. Hence, this new FC strategy has potential to be applied in RRC forecast systems to replace the currently used PC strategy.     

Thermodynamic Characteristics of Tropical Cyclones with RapidIntensity Change over the Coastal Waters of China

In order to investigate the different thermodynamic mechanisms between rapid intensifying (RI) and rapid weakening (RW) tropical cyclones (TCs),the thermodynamic structures of two sets of composite TCs are analyzed based on the complete-form vertical vorticity tendency equation and the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data.Each composite is composed of five TCs,whose intensities change rapidly over the coastal waters of China.The results show that the maximum apparent heating source Q1 exists in both the upper and lower troposphere near the RI TC center,and Q1 gets stronger at the lower level during the TC intensification period.But for the RW TC,the maximum Q1 exists at the middle level near the TC center,and Q1 gets weaker while the TC weakens.The maximum apparent moisture sink Q2 lies in the mid troposphere.Q2 becomes stronger and its peak-value height rises while TC intensifies,and vice versa.The increase of diabatic heating with height near the TC center in the mid-upper troposphere and the increase of vertical inhomogeneous heating near the TC center in the lower troposphere are both favorable to the TCs' rapid intensification; otherwise,the intensity of the TC decreases rapidly.     

超强台风 “桑美” (2006) 近海急剧增强过程数值模拟试验

应用PSU/NCAR非静力平衡中尺度模式MM5 (V3.5) 设计试验方案, 对超强台风 “桑美” (2006) 在我国近海的急剧增强和减弱过程进行数值模拟研究, 模式较好地再现了台风的路径和强度变化; 通过地形敏感性试验, 着重研究了地形对近海台风强度变化的影响。结果表明: (1) “桑美” 强度变化与南亚高压、 副热带高压的强度变化呈反相变化关系, 当南亚高压和副热带高压减弱时, 台风急剧增强; 台风中心附近对流层高层辐散的增强导致 “桑美” 急剧增强, 对流层中低层辐散的增强以及中层辐合的增大与 “桑美” 的减弱密切相关; 来自海洋的暖湿气流是 “桑美” 发展的关键条件; 低层气旋性涡旋并入台风环流是 “桑美” 近海急剧增强的重要原因。 (2) 凝结加热过程对 “桑美” 的近海维持和发展增强非常重要, 尤其是对流层中上层凝结潜热的突然增强有利于台风在近海的急剧增强。 (3) 小范围地形对 “桑美” 在近海的强度和路径有一定影响, 但作用相对较小, 而且主要表现在台风登陆前后; 大范围地形导致水平风场的非对称分布和台风中心附近垂直运动的异常, 最终影响到台风的强度变化。     

2008年汶川地震同震滑移特征、最大滑移量及构造意义

2008年汶川地震（M_s8.0）形成了迄今为止空间上分布最为复杂、长度最大的逆冲型同震地表破裂带。沿约275km长的地表破裂带的同震滑移及其最大滑移量的确定,对认识和理解汶川地震地表破裂过程及其变形机制具有重要意义。我们沿地表破裂带进行了详细的滑移特征考察及其同震位移测量,发现沿映秀-北川破裂带分布南北两个滑移峰值区段,南段以深溪沟-虹口破裂段为中心,以逆冲为主伴随右旋走滑运动为特征,最大垂直位移量为6.0～6.7m,北段以北川破裂段为中心,以右旋走滑为主伴随逆冲运动为特征,最大垂直位移量为11～12m,南北两滑移峰值区段所代表的两次地表破裂事件与地震波数据反演结果一致。通过对北川段破裂带的精细地形剖面测量,以及地震前后对比,在北川县曲山镇沙坝村一组获得该破裂段的最大右旋水平位移为12～15m,最大垂直位移为11～12m,这是目前世界上一次地震产生的最大同震垂直位移,最大斜向滑移量为14～17m,为整个汶川地震地表破裂最大滑移量,是汶川地震的宏观震中。北川破裂段高角度的地震断裂、逆冲断裂面的倒转作用以及具最大滑移量的强烈变形作用是北川县城遭受到最强的地表破坏和地质灾害的主要原因。具有走滑量和逆冲量近一致（走滑水平位移/逆冲垂直位移比值为1）的斜向逆冲作用可能是山脉快速隆升的重要机制。