Sketch Maps and Qualitative GIS: Using Cartographies of Individual Spatial Narratives in Geographic Research

Mental and sketch maps have a long tradition in modern geography. Little theoretical and methodological distinction has been made, however, between different hand mapping approaches. Mental maps emerged from behavioral geography of the spatial science tradition as a technique to understand human behaviors based on peoples’ perceptions of their spatial environment. More recently, sketch maps have been used in participatory and qualitative geographic information systems (QGIS) to develop cartographies of group and individual spatial narratives. They are a tool that helps achieve QGIS's objectives of collecting unique spatial data of individual experiences, visualizing socio-spatial processes, breaking down particular barriers of positionality in research, and developing new uses of GIS. Two case studies illustrate the use of sketch maps in research, including a project examining job accessibility among working poor individuals and a study of the experiences of fear and safety in public spaces among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender community members. Sketch maps in QGIS have many methodological merits. They add an invaluable dimension to the qualitative interview process, offer countermapping perspectives, generate detailed spatial information of individuals, and facilitate data interpretation.     

Methodological Issues in Researching Migration

Population geographers should consider a mixed methods approach to thestudy of migration. This methodological position arises in response to the challenges of contemporary social theory. It is argued that application of structuration theory favours use of a diversity of methods to investigate the recursive relationship between agency and structure. Similarly a realist stance, as advocated by Sayer (1992), leads to a mixing of methods in order to carry out the synthesising tasks expected of geographers. Postmodernism, when interpreted as method, also points the researcher to consider adopting flexible research practices in order to capture the multiplicities of meaning associated with migration and place. These points are illustrated by a case study of migration to and from Hong Kong.     

“Placing” Interviews: Location and Scales of Power in Qualitative Research

For qualitative researchers, selecting appropriate sites in which to conduct interviews may seem to be a relatively simple research design issue. In fact it is a complicated decision with wide-reaching implications. In this paper, we argue that the interview site itself embodies and constitutes multiple scales of spatial relations and meaning, which construct the power and positionality of participants in relation to the people, places, and interactions discussed in the interview. We illustrate how observation and analysis of interview sites can offer new insights with respect to research questions, help researchers understand and interpret interview material, and highlight particular ethical considerations that researchers need to address.     

断层相关裂缝定性识别：原理与应用

介绍一种定性识别和预测断层相关裂缝的新方法-断面脱空法。该方法以断面脱空理论为基础,通过建立断面脱空空间与断层相关裂缝之间的置换模型,从而实现通过观察断层形迹开展地下断层相关裂缝的定性识别。以塔中Ⅰ号断裂带西侧中古3、塔中72两个井区下奥陶统良里塔格组（O₃l）为例,基于地震资料分别开展剖面和平面上的断层相关裂缝识别,并将预测结果与钻井、测井及地震属性分析获得的裂缝发育特征进行对比研究。结果表明:利用断面脱空原理预测结果与钻测井揭示结果基本一致,与根据均方根检测的裂缝平面分布对比,细节上有差异,但总体特征基本一致,表明利用断面脱空原理可以定性地对断层相关裂缝做出预测。断面脱空理论的提出不仅为定性评价地表、地下断层相关裂缝发育分布规律提供一种新思路,更为定量表征断层相关裂缝提供重要的理论依据。     

Mixing qualitative research methods in children's geographies

Human geographers are increasingly employing mixed-method approaches in their research, including in children's geographies, where 'child-centred' methods are often used alongside participant observation and semi-structured interviews to investigate children's perceptions and experiences. Mixing qualitative methods in this way raises a number of ethical and methodological issues, particularly regarding the changing power relationships between researchers and participants. This article considers the challenges and potential benefits of combining methods from participatory and interpretive approaches through triangulation or 'crystallisation'. The issues are illustrated through an empirical case study on children, health and exercise in the everyday spaces of the primary school.     

基于电子鼻和HS-SPME-GC-MS方法研究 海水中七氯的快速检测技术

为了建立海水中有机氯农药的快速检测技术, 本文基于电子鼻和顶空固相微萃取气质联用法(HS-SPME-GC-MS)对海水中的七氯进行检测。结果表明, 电子鼻可以识别海水中的挥发性七氯成分及浓度, 最低检测限0.01mg/L。利用线性判别分析方法(LDA)的累计判别贡献率和欧氏距离、判别函数法、相关性对未知样品的识别率均达到了80%以上, 具有良好的区分效果; PLS模型预测七氯浓度跟实际值之间的相对误差在0.49%—16%之间。HS-SPME-GC-MS检测浓度小于0.10mg/L时, 相对误差在10%左右; 而大于此浓度时, 相对误差随之增大。检测到的主要挥发性物质基本呈现规律性的变化, 与电子鼻确认结果一致。对比两种检测技术, 发现电子鼻检测方法比HS-SPME-GC-MS更迅速、灵敏, 检测限更低, 相对误差也更小, 仪器便携、投资相对较小。     

Black gold to green gold: regional energy policy and the rehabilitation of coal in response to climate change

Energy production has come under increasing scrutiny as concerns about energy security and climate change have risen. In the UK changes in government structure and privatisation of the electricity industry have led to the emergence of multi-level governance. This means that decisions on how to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from the electricity-generating sector should no longer be solely a national policy decision. Previous studies have sought to explore how renewable energy may develop under multi-level governance, but this paper pays attention to a traditional fossil fuel source, coal, which is still an important means of electricity generation. Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel and advocates argue that carbon capture and storage techniques could make coal 'clean', paving the way for a long-term, secure and low emission way to produce energy. This study focuses on the Yorkshire and Humber Region, which has had a long association with coal mining and looks at the implications of this as the region seeks to develop a climate change action plan and an energy strategy within the new regional governance structures. The paper argues that the regional networks developed to address climate change are influenced by existing social power structures and alliances. The region as a territorial structure becomes a useful device in promoting national priorities.     

地理空间认知综述

地理空间认知研究是地理信息科学的核心内容之一,包括地理事物在地理空间中位置的研究和地理事物本身性质的研究。地理空间认知作为认知科学与地理科学的交叉学科,需将认知科学研究成果进行基于地理科学的特化研究。从认知过程的角度对地理空间认知研究进行综述,包括地理知觉、地理表象、地理概念化、地理知识的心理表征和地理空间推理。     

地震作用下边坡稳定性分析方法

地震引起的滑坡已成为大地震引起的严重次生灾害现象,如2008年汶川地震引起的滑坡灾害．本文对地震作用下边坡稳定性分析的研究现状及特点进行了分析总结．地震边坡稳定性分析方法总体上可分为定性分析和定量分析两类．本文分别从工程地质与灾害调查分析、 灾害调查与地震烈度及地震动参数的统计分析、 简化模型理论分析、 数值计算分析和模型试验分析等方面,介绍了相应边坡稳定性分析理论和方法的提出及其沿革,分析了不同理论和方法的特点及适应性,并进一步提出了相关研究存在的问题和发展趋势．      

高地应力定义及其定性定量判据

地应力大小是地下工程设计的基本参数,直接影响工程岩体的力学行为。与高地应力相关的工程问题自20世纪80年代开始受到关注,但迄今未见高地应力的明确定义。国内曾先后提出多种地应力分级方案,但分级结果与工程岩体的实际行为存在一定差距,部分预测为高地应力的工程未出现高地应力现象（如官地地下厂房）,而预测为低地应力的工程（如二滩地下厂房）却出现严重的岩爆等高地应力现象。针对此问题,在国内常用地应力分级方案基础上,讨论了影响地应力分级的主要因素,将高地应力划分为初始高地应力与诱发高地应力两类。诱发高地应力是洞室群效应产生的高二次应力与爆破开挖动力扰动单独或联合作用的结果;给出了高地应力的明确定义,即量值足以导致结构体或岩块破坏的地应力,并在前人研究成果的基础上提出了定性判据;重新定义强度应力比为岩石干燥单轴抗压强度与实测最大主应力之比,建议了新的地应力分级方案（定量判据）。25个工程实例证明,建议方案的吻合率远高于国内常用地应力分级方案。建议方案的级差大致与CD Martin等1999年的建议方案相当。