我国湿地保护立法探讨

缺乏法律制度的保障,是近年来我国湿地遭受严重破坏的重要原因之一,这也给湿地的保护和管理带来了困难。对我国现有法律体系中与湿地保护和管理相关的法律法规进行了梳理,着重分析了其中存在的冲突和矛盾,最后讨论了国外发达国家的湿地保护立法经验对我国的启示。     

浅谈数字水印技术在国土资源执法取证领域的应用

随着国土资源执法巡查平台在土地巡查业务中的广泛应用,极大改善了照片、视频、地理坐标位置的获取和使用,随之带来的地理位置信息隐藏、实地照片视频证据的不可修改、伪造信息的辨别判断等需求。数字水印技术的出现为此类需求提供了完整的解决方案,文章介绍了数字水印技术的基本原理与分类,并结合实际巡查取证工作探讨了数字水印技术在巡查证据保护中的应用。     

Comparing Traditional and Spatial Segregation Measures: A Spatial Scale Perspective1

Measuring the level of segregation often encounters two methodological issues: measures are sensitive to changes in the geographical scale of the data and the effectiveness of the measure in reflecting spatial segregation. Several spatial measures have been suggested to measure spatial segregation, but whether they are more or less sensitive to changes in spatial scale has not been investigated, while some spatial measures are relatively scale-insensitive. Using the 1990 Census data of 30 selected U.S. metropolitan areas, this paper demonstrates that these spatial measures, similar to the aspatial measure, report higher levels of segregation when smaller areal units are used in the analysis. Some spatial measures are even more sensitive to scale changes than aspatial measures. Certain patterns of the scale sensitivity were identified, but no general rules can be formulated. A preliminary explanation of the scale effect on spatial segregation measures is offered.     

Surface description for urban climate studies: A gis based methodology

In order to understand the nature of the urban climate, predict the effects of urbanization, or attempt to ameliorate some of the negative hydroclimatic effects of urbanization, it is necessary to have a good understanding of the role and significance of the urban surface. This paper presents a methodology which uses GIS to represent the characteristics and morphology of the urban surface, which can be used to describe a site objectively, model fluxes, or ensure spatial consistency between measured and modelled data, all of which can vary through time. The methodology is illustrated with respect to Chicago, Illinois. Surface data collected at three spatial scales were used to construct a georeferenced database which was linked to an objective, dynamic accessing system. Spatial variability of surface cover, derived hydroclimatic attributes, and modelled fluxes associated with changes in the urban environment are used to illustrate potential applications of the approach.     

Trans-Arctic shipping routes expanding faster than the model projections

Rapid declines in Arctic sea ice coverage over the past four decades have increased the commercial feasibility of trans-Arctic routes. However, the historical changes in navigability of trans-Arctic routes remain unclear, and projections by global circulation models (GCMs) contain large uncertainties since they cannot simulate long-term Arctic sea ice changes. In this study, we determined the changes in trans-Arctic routes from 1979 to 2019 by combining two harmonized high-quality daily sea ice products. We found that the trans-Arctic routes are becoming navigable much faster than projected by the GCMs. The navigation season for open water (OW) vessels along the Northeast Passage (NEP) has lengthened from occasionally navigable in the 1980 s to 92 ± 15 days in the 2010 s. In contrast, previous GCM projections have suggested that navigability would not be achieved until the mid-21st century. The 90-day safety shipping area for OW vessels expanded by 35% during 1979–2018, reaching 8.28 million km² in 2018, indicating an increasing rate of 0.08 ± 0.01 million km² per year. The shortest trans-Arctic routes were also shifted further north than the model projections. Regular ships have been able to safely travel north along the islands in the NEP and transit through the M’Clure Strait in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago during the 2010 s, while previous studies have projected that this would not be feasible until the mid-21st century. We also found that the improved navigability of trans-Arctic routes enables commercial ships to transport approximately 33–66% (at the same load factor) more goods from East Asia to Europe during the Arctic shipping season than by the traditional Suez Canal route. These findings highlight the need for aggressive actions to develop mandatory rules that promote navigation safety and strengthen environmental protection in the Arctic.     

Climate discourses as barriers to rights-based adaptive social protection: How historical politics shape Ethiopia’s climate-smart safety net

A rights-based approach to ‘adaptive social protection’ holds promise as a policy measure to address structural dimensions of vulnerability to climate change such as inequality and marginalisation, yet it has been failing to gain traction against production and growth-oriented interventions. Through the lens of Ethiopia’s flagship Productive Safety Net Programme (PSNP), we trace the role of climate discourses in impeding progress towards socially transformative outcomes, despite the importance of social protection for building resilience. We argue that intertwining narratives of moral leadership and green growth associated with Ethiopia’s national climate strategy shape how the PSNP is rendered ‘climate-smart’. These narratives, however, are embedded within politics that have historically underpinned the country’s drive for modernisation and growth-oriented policies, particularly in dealing with food insecurity. Like pre-existing narratives on development and the environment, they rationalise the presence of a strong central State and its control over natural resources and rural livelihoods. The PSNP is thus conditioned to favour technocratic, productivist approaches to adapting to climate change that may help reproduce, rather than challenge the entrenched politics at the root of vulnerability. Ultimately, this case study demonstrates how climate discourses risk diluting core rights-based dimensions of social protection, contradicting efforts to address the structural dimensions of vulnerability to climate change.     

浙江上虞—三门高速公路K270＋700边坡变形破坏分析及治理

浙江上虞—三门高速公路是连接浙东南沿海经济圈与浙中部地区的重要交通枢纽,2011年10月26日,该高速公路管理处养护人员发现桩号K270＋700处边坡有明显变形现象。本文在现场调查分析的基础上对上三高速公路K270＋700边坡进行了系统研究,研究分析表明,该边坡的破坏模式为两组控制性结构面相切产生的楔形块体沿交线方向发生滑移破坏。最后,针对边坡的破坏模式和现状情况提出应急抢险和永久性治理相结合的综合治理措施。     

浅谈提高地质岩心钻探质量指标的若干问题

结合新发布的地质岩心钻探规程中的钻探工程质量要求,通过多年来的生产实践,就如何提高钻探质量指标问题进行探讨,并浅谈几点认识.     

浅析“大同睡佛”断块山地貌景观的成因及保护

地质遗迹是地球发展变化过程中给人类留下的宝贵财富,具有科研价值、学术价值及观赏价值.“大同睡佛”断块山地貌景观与大同云冈石窟遥相呼应,对发展当地的旅游事业有重要意义.根据“大同睡佛”断块山地貌景观区的地质特征探讨了其形成原因,提出了对大同保护措施建议.     

钻孔护壁与堵漏技术——以钱营孜煤矿东一采区补勘为例

钱营孜煤矿东一采区地层复杂,在基岩胶结界面附近易发生钻孔漏失,给钻探施工造成困难,通过分析钻孔漏失原因,根据施工地层情况,有针对性的采取护壁与堵漏技术措施,确保了钻探施工任务完成.