Optical properties of pseudovitrinite; implications for its origin

A set of Pennsylvanian coals from the North American coal basins, ranging in vitrinite reflectance from 0.65% to 1.75%, was examined, with special emphasis on the optical properties of pseudovitrinite. The results suggest that pseudovitrinite originates from the same material as telocollinite. Slits in the pseudovitrinite seem to have originated in situ due to low-temperature oxidation of woody material; their opening might have been facilitated by devolatilization during coalification. The dominant orientation of the slits is perpendicular to bedding. The intensity and orientation of the slits in pseudovitrinite could be important factors in predicting coalbed gas extraction from coal.     

On size and boundary effects in scaled model blasts spatial problems

This paper addresses size and boundary effects on wave propagation, fracture pattern development and fragmentation in small scale laboratory-size specimens for model blasting. Small block type specimens are centre-line loaded by linear explosive charges and supersonically detonated. Using elastic wave propagation theory and fracture mechanics it is shown that the type of boundary conditions which prevail at the outer boundary of the cylinder control the extension of bore-hole cracking and fragmentation within the body of the cylinder. In the case of a composite block where a cylindrical core of different material is embedded, the level of fracturing and fragmentation is controlled by the separation of the interface which in turn depends on the relative dimensions of the core and the block. The most important parameter is the ratio between the length of the pulse (space-wise or time-wise) and the characteristic dimensions of the models, i.e. in this case the dimensions of the core and the mantel. Stress wave superposition effects occur in the corner sections of the mantel. Theoretical results are in good agreement with recent experimental findings.     

桅杆结构纤绳连接拉耳孔边裂纹扩展形状变化特性研究

本文采用两自由度的裂纹扩展模型,以桅杆结构纤绳拉耳孔边裂纹前缘最深点和表面点的裂纹扩展增长量来追踪裂纹扩展。基于最小二乘法原理对通过有限元法所获得的各种裂纹形状所对应的裂纹前缘最深点和表面点的无因次形状因子进行多项式曲线拟合,用拟合曲线上的值代替离散的无因次形状因子扩充插值数据库,采用拉格朗日插值法计算任意形状裂纹前缘最深点和表面点无因次形状因子,并计算得到确定裂纹扩展速率所需要的应力强度因子幅度。最后根据裂纹前缘最深点和表面点的裂纹扩展速率确定桅杆结构纤绳连接拉耳孔边裂纹的扩展特性。     

柳江流域冲积型粉质粘土的物理特征

通过收集数年工程地质勘察土工试验资料、获得了柳江流域ⅡⅢ级阶地的粉质粘土的大量实验数据。运用数理统计的方法、分析归纳出这一地带粉质粘土的基本物理特征。     

基于动量自适应BP神经网络的鸢乌贼模式识别

近年来, 计算机模式识别技术因其识别结果准确、快速, 而不断被用于生物判别邻域。本文利用MATLAB软件实现动量自适应BP神经网络(back propagation neural networks)对西北印度洋、中东太平洋和南海3个海区的鸢乌贼角质颚及其胴长进行模式识别。研究结果显示, 训练成型的神经网络收敛误差仅为4.416×10^-2, 加入动量和自适应学习率的BP神经网络对鸢乌贼地理种群的识别率有显著提高。3个海区的正确识别率分别为100%、88.89%和94.12%, 总成功率为 93.24%, 说明角质颚外部形态和胴长可用于鸢乌贼地理种群的区分。而BP神经网络的其他学习算法, 如梯度下降法、单一动量法和单一自适应法的总识别率分为74.32%, 77.03%和87.84%。本研究的识别效果稳定, 对于大样本训练集的识别率也高达92.77%, 为头足类的种群判别提供了新的方法和思路。     

煤储层含气性特征及其地质动力学控制因素

煤层含气性是煤层气成藏的一个基本要素,是煤层气勘探开发决策的重要依据之一。煤层气的富集是生成、储集、封盖保存等方面条件及其动态发展过程的有力配置,是各种地质动力学条件耦合作用的结果。在阐述我国煤储层含气性区域分布规律的基础上,从热动力条件、构造动力条件、沉积动力条件及地下水动力条件4个方面总结了前人关于地质动力学条件控气作用的研究成果,认为目前研究中在一定程度上存在片面性、单一性等问题,指出全面耦合分析动力学条件是煤层气成藏作用研究的一个重要发展方向。     

Relationships between texture and mechanical properties of hybrid rocks from the Jaala–Iitti complex, southeastern Finland

The relationships between petrographical and mechanical properties of rock aggregate raw materials from the hybridised, subvolcanic Jaala–Iitti complex, southeastern Finland, were investigated. Petrography was quantified from polished thin sections with a polarising microscope to determine the modal composition and grain size distribution, and resistance to fragmentation and abrasion were determined. Abundance of fine-grained minerals (especially of hornblende), fine grain size-dominated grain size distribution, uniform spatial dispersion of hornblende crystals, and intense micrographic intergrowth texture with interlocking grain boundaries were found to have the greatest positive influence on the mechanical properties. The results showed the potentiality of hybridised rocks as raw materials for high quality aggregates that can resist fragmentation and abrasion.     

祁连山疏勒河上游芨芨草根际可培养细菌群落特征研究

以疏勒河上游不同海拔芨芨草根际土壤样品为研究对象,研究了不同海拔土样中细菌分布特征及其影响因素. 结果表明：研究区域芨芨草根际土壤可培养细菌种群密度变化范围为1.7×10⁷~10.8×10⁷ CFU·g^-1,平均值为6.4×10⁷ CFU·g^-1,随海拔的升高呈先下降后上升的趋势;可培养细菌数量与土壤全氮、脲酶、蔗糖酶含量呈极显著正相关关系,与有机碳、磷酸酶含量呈显著正相关关系;同时,pH值也是影响细菌数量与多样性的一个重要因素. 通过16S rDNA基因测序及构建系统发育树,研究区域可培养细菌归类为15个属,其中芽孢杆菌属和假单胞菌属为优势菌属.     

干旱半干旱地区农田土壤NO3-N深层积累及其影响因素

以长期试验资料为基础,着重分析了干旱半干旱地区农田系统中施肥、作物、降水、耕作措施以及土壤类型和特性对产生土壤NO3-N深层积累的影响.分析发现,氮肥的过量施用和400～800 mm降水量偏低是导致干旱半干旱地区土壤NO3-N积累在100～300 cm土层的主要因素.随着氮肥用量的增加,NO3-N深层积累显著增加;氮磷配施有助于降低其积累量.不同作物对氮素的吸收利用效率也是影响NO3-N深层积累的因素,作物之间的轮作方式会有效降低NO3-N深层积累;休闲期种植合理植物可有效降低NO3-N深层积累.NO3-N深层积累主要产生在质地较重的土壤上,带正电荷粘土矿物对NO3-N吸附是导致热带土壤中NO3-N积累的主要因素.深入研究深层积累NO3-N的生物有效性、迁移变化机理、与作物根系之间的关系以及对土壤性状和环境的影响具有重要意义.     

准西苏13井区石炭系火成岩有效储层物性下限

有效储层物性下限是进行储层有效厚度统计、储层划分和油藏储量估算的重要依据,研究区石炭系火成岩储层岩性较为复杂,岩石种类较多、组分差异性大并且空间分布及内中的多种属性有着极不匀称的变化,当前国内外学者利用物探资料来判断准西石炭系火成岩有效储层物性下限值的相关研究较少。采用分布函数曲线法和物性试油法分别研究并互相验证进而综合判定物性下限值,避免单一方法的随机性。在此基础上,求取研究区不同层段的物性下限值,建立有效储层物性下限值与储层埋藏深度的拟合方程。研究结果表明:研究区储层多为低孔、中低渗储层,中部区域孔渗相对较高,物性较好,向北部和南部物性逐渐变差;研究区石炭系1500~1900 m及1900~2300 m火成岩有效储层孔隙度下限分别为5.09%、4.93%,渗透率下限分别为0.252 mD、0.198 mD;研究区石炭系火成岩有效储层物性下限与储层埋藏深度呈负相关。