Effect of temperature and irradiance on the growth and reproduction of Enteromorpha prolifera J. Ag. （Chlorophycophyta,Chlorophyceae）

Effect of temperature and irradiance on growth and reproduction of Enteromorpha prolifera that bloomed offshore along the Qingdao coast in summer 2008, was studied. It was showed that E. prolifera propagated mainly asexually with specific growth rate （SGR） of 10.47 at 25℃/40 μmol m^-2s^-1. Under this condition, gametes with two flagellate formed and released in 5 days. At the beginning of the development, the unicell gamete divided into two cells with heteropolarity, and then the apical cell developed into thalli primordial cells, whereas the basal cell developed into rhizoid primordial cells. In 8-day culture, the monoplast gamete developed into juvenile germling of 240 μm in length. Unreleased gametes can develop directly within the alga body. E. prolifera could either reproduce through lateral branching or fragmenting except apomixis revealed by Microscopic observation. On aged tissue of E. prolifera, although the degraded pigments partially remained in faded algal filaments, numerous vegetative cells could still divide actively in the algal tissues.     

漂浮浒苔藻体健康评价及其在青岛近岸海域绿潮监测中的应用

我国黄海绿潮是目前世界上发生规模最大的绿潮灾害。浒苔(Ulva prolifera)由于其独特的生物学特性,在与其他海藻竞争中占据明显优势,导致暴发性生长从而形成浒苔绿潮。目前迫切需要验证并完善有效可行的漂浮浒苔藻体健康评价体系,来判断其生长状态、健康状况及增殖潜力。文章研究了黄海青岛海域漂浮绿潮藻浒苔光合作用的基本特性,并评价了其健康状况的等级。根据藻体状态对应其颜色和最大光量子产量(Fv/Fm)的差异,对2016年6—7月青岛近岸海域的漂浮浒苔藻体健康状态等级进行了测定和评价,发现各采样站位的浒苔藻体处于以下3个不同等级:Ⅱ级亚健康藻体,其Fv/Fm最高出现在站位L24,仅为0.66;Ⅲ级半健康藻体,其Fv/Fm最高出现在L2,为0.59;Ⅳ级衰老藻体,其Fv/Fm最高出现在L1,仅为0.40。其中,6月各采样站位主要以Ⅲ级和Ⅳ级藻体为主;而7月各站位主要以Ⅳ级藻体为主。结果表明,漂浮至青岛海域的绿潮藻浒苔大多状态较差,趋于衰亡,不能健康存活。研究处于不同时期漂浮浒苔藻体的光合生理参数,筛选合适的评价指标,并试用于绿潮监测和评价业务化工作中,对于今后确立黄海漂浮浒苔藻体健康评价方法以及预测绿潮发展趋势具有重要意义。     

烟台海域暴发浒苔ITS及5.8S rDNA的克隆及序列分析

以烟台海域引发"绿潮"的浒苔为研究对象,采用PCR技术扩增出浒苔的ITS-1、5.8SrDNA及ITS-2片段,将扩增出的片段纯化后克隆至pGEM-TEasy载体,筛选阳性克隆进行序列测定。结果表明,浒苔的ITS-1序列长度为195bp,5.8S序列为155bp,ITS-2序列为181bp,该序列与浒苔属的多种物种ITS序列具有很高的同源性,在ITS-1区、5.8SrDNA区和ITS-2区仅存在4个转换/颠换位点。结合GenBank注册序列和本研究的结果发现,单纯依靠ITS序列并不能对浒苔属种类进行有效的分类鉴定。     

不同模式高盐胁迫对浒苔光台生理及相关基因表达的影响

为探讨高盐及盐度变化对浒苔光合生理的影响以及浒苔在面临高盐胁迫时表现出的耐盐性,本文选取浒苔(Ulva prolifera)为供试材料,设置3个盐度变化处理组:对照组(CK)始终保持盐度25;处理组1(T1)经过盐度30适应3 d后增加到盐度35;处理组2(T2)长期处于盐度35,研究高盐及盐度变化对浒苔生长、光合色素含量、暗呼吸速率和光合放氧速率以及核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化酶/加氧酶(Rubisco)和钙调蛋白(CaM)的基因表达量水平的影响。结果表明:与对照组相比,高盐会抑制浒苔的相对生长速率和光合生理,T1、T2处理组均显著抑制浒苔的生长以及净光合作用速率,且T2处理组的抑制作用更强。高盐处理对浒苔光合色素的含量及其比值、暗呼吸速率的影响不显著,但随着藻体的成熟,浒苔光合色素的含量显著降低,并且暗呼吸速率显著增加。高盐也同时影响了rbcL和cam的基因表达水平,比较0、3和6 d三个取样点结果,T1盐度递增组的基因表达量高于T2长期高盐组,盐度逐步提高有利于增加浒苔对高盐度的适应能力。这一结果有助于解释浒苔在形成绿潮草垫以及退潮干出期间对盐度提高的适应。     

4 种经济海藻脂肪酸组成分析

采用改进的Bligh-Dyer法提取脂溶性成分,气相色谱-质谱联用法(GC-MS)进行分离和鉴定,C19:0内标确定总脂及各组分含量,研究了鼠尾藻(Sargassum thunbergii)、浒苔(Enteromorpha prolifera)、龙须菜(Gracilaria lemaneiformis)和红毛菜(Bangia sp.)4种经济海藻的脂肪酸组成及含量。结果表明,4种海藻都检测出C14-C22脂肪酸,总脂含量在12～19 mg/g之间,不饱和脂肪酸为主要组成成分,含量均超过60%。不饱和脂肪酸中以多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFAs)为主,富含n-3和n-6系列PUFAs,n-6与n-3系列PUFAs之比均低于2。比较4种海藻脂肪酸组成特点表明,鼠尾藻以C16、C18和C20为主要组成成分,具褐藻类脂肪酸组成特征;浒苔以C16和C18为主要组成成分,具绿藻类脂肪酸组成特征;龙须菜和红毛菜以C16和C20类脂肪酸为主,具典型红藻类脂肪酸组成特征,同时二者又有不同之处,分别显示真红藻与原始红藻脂肪酸组成的特点。     

青岛海域大面积聚集漂浮浒苔的显微观测

对近期在青岛海域大面积聚集漂浮的浒苔（Enteromorpha prolifera （Muell）J．Ag）进行常规显微镜观察,发现细胞内存在大小约1μm的可动的颗粒状结构。分别采用鞭毛染色和扫描电镜观察的方法对其进行了初步研究,均未发现此颗粒状可动结构具有鞭毛。用透射电镜对浒苔细胞的超微结构特征进行了观察,显示浒苔细胞壁致密而厚,每个浒苔细胞有1个片状叶绿体,贴近于细胞壁分布,淀粉粒含量丰富,但依然未发现胞内颗粒状结构具有鞭毛。     

A Spectral-Mixing Model for Estimating Sub-Pixel Coverage of Sea-Surface Floating Macroalgae

ABSTRACT

In the past decade, floating macroalgae blooms have been increasing on a global scale. Sub-pixel coverage of floating macroalgae in a remote-sensing image is a crucial parameter for the estimation of biomass. In this study, in situ spectra of green macroalgae (Ulva prolifera), brown macroalgae (Sargassum horneri), and sea water were collected, and they were used to simulate the spectra of macroalgae–seawater mixtures in a linear mixing way. Three algae indices, normalized difference of vegetation index (NDVI), difference of vegetation index (DVI), and virtual-baseline reflectance height for floating algae (VB-FAH) derived from the spectra, were examined with the coverage of macroalgae. The results show that all three indices increase monotonically with increasing sub-pixel coverage of macroalgae: VB-FAH and DVI increase linearly, while NDVI shows a logarithmic increase. Based on this characteristic, two sub-pixel coverage models were proposed (i.e., a linear model based on VB-FAH (or DVI) and an exponential model based on NDVI). These models were then applied to the multiple-spectral GaoFen-1 (GF-1, 16?m resolution) satellite image to examine the sub-pixel coverage of green tide in the Yellow Sea caused by the bloom of floating green macroalgae (U. prolifera). The results show that the relative differences between the two models are no more than 5%, indicating good consistency between the two models. Taking into account the sensitivity of these models (or indices) to the coverage of macroalgae, as well as atmospheric and sea surface conditions and their simplicity, we suggest using the linear model based on VB-FAH, DVI, or a similar band-difference index to estimate sub-pixel coverage of floating macroalgae.     

2009年黄海绿潮浒苔爆发与漂移的水文气象环境

2008年和2009年,黄海中西部局部海区均出现绿潮浒苔,但由于绿潮爆发时间不同和漂移路径不同,造成的影响大不相同。本文利用EOS卫星的多通道资料,采用通道合成的方法,给出了绿潮浒苔的分布和移动情况。利用卫星遥感的海面风场、降水、云中液态水含量、海表面温度(SST)、POM模式模拟的海流等资料,分析了2009年绿潮浒苔期间的水文气象条件、以及浒苔聚集和定向移动的原因,并与2008年的情况进行了对比。结果表明,前期降水的明显增多与绿潮爆发有密切关系,降水过后海水中营养盐类充足,而且降水后黄海上空降水和云中液态水含量偏少,日照比较充足,光合作用强,有利于海上浒苔迅速繁殖。2009年黄海西部降水明显增多的时间较2008年晚15 d左右,是2009年绿潮浒苔爆发比2008年晚15 d左右的重要原因。风力是浒苔在海洋中移动的主要强迫力,强劲持续的的东风或者东南风是导致2008年浒苔在青岛沿海登陆的主要外界强迫力,而2009年西南风使浒苔向东北方向漂移。SST变化对浒苔爆发的影响不显著。定量分析表明,浒苔密集区的移动更倾向于与盛行风向一致,向下风方偏右5~40(°)方向漂移,浒苔密集区的移速与海流速度更加一致,约为海流速度大小的0.8倍。     

Effect of temperature and irradiance on the growth and reproduction of Enteromorpha prolifera J. Ag. （Chlorophycophyta, Chlorophyceae）

Effect of temperature and irradiance on growth and reproduction of Enteromorpha prolifera that bloomed offshore along the Qingdao coast in summer 2008, was studied. It was showed that E. prolifera propagated mainly asexually with specific growth rate (SGR) of 10.47 at 25°C/40 μmol m-2s-1. Under this condition, gametes with two flagellate formed and released in 5 days. At the beginning of the development, the unicell gamete divided into two cells with heteropolarity, and then the apical cell developed into thalli primordial cells, whereas the basal cell developed into rhizoid primordial cells. In 8-day culture, the monoplast gamete developed into juvenile germling of 240 μm in length. Unreleased gametes can develop directly within the alga body. E. prolifera could either reproduce through lateral branching or fragmenting except apomixis revealed by Microscopic observation. On aged tissue of E. prolifera, although the degraded pigments partially remained in faded algal filaments, numerous vegetative ceils could still divide actively in the algal tissues.     

浒苔化学成分研究

利用硅胶柱色谱、Sephadex LH-20柱色谱和HPLC等手段,从浒苔Entermorpha prolifera的甲醇提取物中分离得到了5个单体化合物。它们的结构通过波谱分析结合文献对照被鉴定为:胆甾醇(1),132S-羟基脱镁叶绿素a(2),132R-羟基脱镁叶绿素a(3),132S-羟基脱镁叶绿素b(4),phaeophytin a hydroperoxide(5)。化合物2~5均为首次从该种海藻中分离得到。