The ‘co’ in co-production of climate action: Challenging boundaries within and between science,policy and practice

Effective action taken against climate change must find ways to unite scientific and practice-based knowledges associated with the various stakeholders who see themselves as invested in the global delivery of climate governance. Political decision-makers, climate scientists and practitioners approach this challenge from what are often radically different perspectives and experiences. While considerable work has been done to develop the idea of ‘co-production’ in the development of climate action outputs, questions remain over how to best unite the contrasting epistemological traditions and norms associated with different stakeholders. Drawing on the existing literatures on climate action co-production and from translational perspectives on the science-policy interface, in this paper we develop the concept of ‘boundary agency’. Defining this as the agency ‘possessed’ when willing and able to translate between different epistemological communities invested in a similar policy and governance challenge such as climate change, we offer it as a useful means to reflect on participants’ understanding of the ‘co’ in co-production. This is in contrast to the more established (often academic-led) focus on what it is that is being produced by co-production processes. We draw from two complementary empirical studies, which explicitly encouraged i) engagement and ii) reflection on cross-boundary co-production between climate action stakeholders from different backgrounds. Reflecting on the two studies, we discuss the benefits of (and barriers to) encouraging more active and sustained engagement between climate action stakeholders so as to try to actively blur the boundaries between science and policy and, in doing so, invent new epistemological communities of practice.     

空间知识网格体系架构及其实现技术探讨

空间知识网格是以网格GIS的基础设施、空间数据网格、空间信息网格(狭义)为基础,运用基本的网格服务建立的智能、高效、协作的决策支持平台。空间知识网格具有以服务为核心、基于开放的技术标准和协议、智能化的知识挖掘过程和完整的结构体系等特点,主要完成空间知识的管理与分析应用,如空间数据管理与操作、空间分析与计算、地图编制和遥感图像处理等。本文系统论述了空间知识网格的体系结构,并以实例阐述了空间知识网格的实现流程及其关键技术。     

智能化专题地图表示方法选择的研究

首先阐述了专题地图表示方法选择的知识,包括十种常用表示方法的描述、影响表示方法选择的因素、表示方法选择之间的配合原则,提出了选择专题地图表示方法的新规则,总结了表示方法间搭配的可能性;接着介绍了知识工程中知识模型的基本概念,在此基础上,建立了专题地图表示方法选择的知识模型并利用关系数据库的理论与方法对其进行了模拟;最后基于WebService开发了试验系统并举例说明了问题。     

波普尔科学哲学理论简介

波普尔是当今伟大的哲学家,他发明了科学增长的四段图式:P1→TT→EE→P2,其中P1代表问题,TT表示试探性理论,EE表示试探性排除错误,P2代表新的问题。波普尔对科学哲学有很多贡献,如他否定了培根的归纳法,主张证伪的方法而反对证实的方法。他颠覆了关于真理的概念,反对将理论与真理联系起来,即使是相对真理。他认为,人不能认识真理,只能探索真理,接近真理,并提出"逼真性"与"逼真度"两个概念,从而否定了相对真理与绝对真理这一对矛盾的关系。他提出,科学理论的发展不是一个量变递增的过程,而是新理论取代旧理论的质变过程,是新范式战胜旧范式的科学革命。他认为,可证伪性、可错性是科学的本质特征,同时也是区分科学与非科学的根本标准。传统的认识论将宇宙划分为物质的与精神的两个世界,波普尔认为宇宙是多元的,多层次进化的,其性质是多样的,可分为三个层次或三个世界。波普尔的三个世界理论,用最简洁的语言表述即:物理世界(世界1)、精神世界(世界2)和客观知识世界(世界3)。世界3是人类智力活动的产物,是人造的;另一方面,它同时也是超人类的,即超越了自己的创造者。波普尔石破天惊地提出了科学哲学的许多惊世骇俗的理论,将科学哲学推到了一个崭新的高度,打破了科学界传统的认识论和方法论。他的哲学理论的核心是证伪主义,证伪就是试错,反驳,批判。只有经过证伪的理论(猜测,假说)才能称之为理论。中国科学需要波普尔理论,中国科学上不去,与我们没有证伪思想有很大的关系。我们必须拨乱反正,改弦易辙,采取批判的态度,反驳的方法,敢于试错,这样,中国科学才有希望。     

Knowledge gaps in our perceptual model of Great Britain's hydrology

There is a no lack of significant open questions in the field of hydrology. How will hydrological connectivity between freshwater bodies be altered by future human alterations to the hydrological cycle? Where does water go when it rains? Or what is the future space–time variability of flood and drought events? However, the answers to these questions will vary with location due to the specific and often poorly understood local boundary conditions and system properties that control the functional behaviour of a catchment or any other hydrologic control volume. We suggest that an open, shared and evolving perceptual model of a region's hydrology is critical to tailor our science questions, as it would be for any other study domain from the plot to the continental scale. In this opinion piece, we begin to discuss the elements of and point out some knowledge gaps in the perceptual model of the terrestrial water cycle of Great Britain. We discuss six major knowledge gaps and propose four key ways to reduce them. While the specific knowledge gaps in our perceptual model do not necessarily transfer to other places, we believe that the development of such perceptual models should be at the core of the debate for all hydrologic communities, and we encourage others to have a similar debate for their hydrologic domain.     

Digital Earth: a new challenge and new vision

ABSTRACT

Digital Earth has seen great progress during the last 19 years. When it entered into the era of big data, Digital Earth developed into a new stage, namely one characterized by ‘Big Earth Data’, confronting new challenges and opportunities. In this paper we give an overview of the development of Digital Earth by summarizing research achievements and marking the milestones of Digital Earth’s development. Then, the opportunities and challenges that Big Earth Data faces are discussed. As a data-intensive scientific research approach, Big Earth Data provides a new vision and methodology to Earth sciences, and the paper identifies the advantages of Big Earth Data to scientific research, especially in knowledge discovery and global change research. We believe that Big Earth Data will advance and promote the development of Digital Earth.     

结合地名知识和位置信息的中文地名匹配方法

针对中文地名数据中存在的“同名异地”“异地同名”等歧义问题,本文提出了一种结合地名知识和位置信息的地名匹配方法。首先基于特征词的规则匹配模式对地名名称结构进行了解析。然后结合地名的位置信息实现中文地名匹配;同时,基于地名的行政区划信息和实体信息关联多源地名数据,构建地名知识库。最后以兴趣点数据为例,基于名称相似度和位置相似度匹配地名数据中的地名信息,并以知识图谱的形式进行存储和表达。     

航空网络嵌入对中国城市知识生产的影响研究

随着城市间网络联系的快速发展和技术创新对团队依赖性的日益增强,城市的知识生产也将越来越多的受到网络外部效应的影响。基于航空客运直飞航班数据构建城市网络,利用专利申请量测度城市的知识生产规模,研究了航空网络嵌入对中国城市知识生产的影响及其异质性特征。结果发现：航空网络的知识管道效应已经成为影响城市知识生产的重要因素,拥有更高网络地位、能够利用更多网络资源的城市具有更高的知识生产效率;航空网络嵌入的知识产出效应呈现递减的边际影响,知识产出水平越高的城市从网络链接中得到的收益越小;知识来源较多、创新较为活跃的经济部门将从网络联系中获得更高的收益,而技术问题可分解性较强、技术处于成熟阶段的部门受益较少;由于知识产出规模、主导产业特征的差异,中国东部地区城市创新活动从航空网络嵌入中获得的收益明显小于中西部地区城市。     

关于学风与创新文化的几点认识

本文从5个方面叙述了笔者对当今部分地理界学风与创新文化的观察与认识。第一,基于地理学方法论,阐述了地理学的理论观点与概念判断都是来自对地球表层实际存在的客体的运动特征与空间投影的变化轨迹的观察、分析与概括;第二,结合实际,指出了“博观而约取、厚积而薄发”的知识积累与运用观对学者们的重要性;第三,对科学创新及如何实现创新提出了新的观点;第四,探讨了如何正确处理科研个人与集体的关系;第五,提出人文与经济地理学研究要面向咨询。