埋藏环境下碳酸盐岩建设性成岩作用类型、特征及其意义

本文通过对南方中扬子地区和北方鄂尔多斯盆地西缘的寒武系、奥陶系埋藏成岩作用的详细研究,认为:（1）埋藏破裂、裂隙作用虽然能使岩石孔隙度有所增加。但更重要的是连通原已存在的孔隙。从而提高岩石的孔隙度和渗透率:（2）埋藏白云化作用形成的晶间孔、缝、晶内孔、晶间溶孔等是油气储集的一种最有利的空间;（3）与构造作用相关的埋藏溶解作用和深部埋藏作用能形成有意义的油气储集场所。上述3冲作用相互叠加时。岩石的孔隙度和渗透率将急剧提高。本文提出鄂尔多斯北缘和东缘奥陶系是油气勘探的战略远景区。同时首次提出了识别埋藏白云石化作用和埋藏溶解作用的标志和际准。     

煤的显微构造及其储集性能

利用扫描电子显微镜研究煤中微米级构造变形,揭示了煤的显微构造变形现象,如裂隙、角砾、碎粒、糜棱质、滑移面等。这些显微构造直接影响着煤的储集性能,裂隙和角砾的发育增加了煤中的大孔和中孔,提高了有效孔隙率;碎粒和糜棱质增加了煤的比表面积和甲烷吸附量,同时也有充填孔隙、堵塞通道的作用。研究显微构造在理论上可为煤层气生、储、运机理研究提供微观依据;在应用上可成为煤层气资源评价和开采的指标之一。      

静态密闭状态下大甸子井孔隙度与体积压缩系数时序特征分析

以内蒙古大甸子观测井为数据收集对象,利用原始水位观测数据得到该井静态密闭下气压系数、水位与气压的关系以及孔隙度与气压系数的关系,从而分析该井静态密闭状态下孔隙度与体积压缩系数时序特征。结果表明,孔隙度与固体骨架的体积压缩系数和含水层内水的体积压缩系数间存在幂函数关系;在第一象限内,各井含水层介质固体骨架的体积压缩系数随着孔隙度的增大而增大;含水层内水的体积压缩系数随着孔隙度的增大而减小。     

Acoustic estimations of porosity and thickness for thin soft surface layer of sea floor

Abstract

In some areas, the sea floor contains a surface layer with high porosity and a thickness of 10–30 cm. The characters of an explosive pulse reflected at such a sea floor are discussed. The thickness and porosity estimations for the surface layer by acoustic method are studied, and the estimated and measured results are listed.     

不同结构单排林带防风效应的风洞模拟

风速大小、林带疏透度及高度都会对林带周围气流产生影响,使气流在林带两侧发生分离或积聚,从而形成不同的防护功能区。为探求林带结构对防风效应的影响机理,选取10组高度和疏透度不同的林带模型,对其防风效应进行了风洞模拟实验,通过绘制加速率等值线图及其变化趋势线、防风效应图,并计算不同结构单排林带的有效防护距离,进而揭示风速、林带疏透度和高度对林带上风向和下风向风速、防风效应和有效防护距离的影响规律。     

南方地区城市生活垃圾导热系数的试验研究

温度场对垃圾填埋场的衬垫系统、气体运移和垃圾土工程特性等存在显著影响,导热系数是研究填埋场内温度场的重要参数。以台州卢岙里垃圾填埋场为研究对象,采用DRCD-3030型智能化导热系数测定仪,测定了不同孔隙率和含水率条件下的垃圾导热系数。试验中,垃圾试样的含水率分别取0%、5%、10%、15%、20%、25%、30%、35%、40%、45%和50%;垃圾的孔隙率分别取77.8%、75.0%、71.4%和66.7%。试验结果表明：干垃圾导热系数较小,仅为标准状态空气导热系数的2.5～3.5倍,并随孔隙率的增大而减小;非饱和垃圾的导热系数随含水率的增加而增大,当含水率相等时,孔隙率越小,垃圾的导热系数越大。根据垃圾导热系数的实测数据,利用修正几何加权平均模型和线性拟合技术,建立了垃圾导热系数的计算公式,可以为垃圾填埋场温度场的研究提供重要参考。     

Critical soil conditions for oxygen stress to plant roots: Substituting the Feddes-function by a process-based model

Effects of insufficient soil aeration on the functioning of plants form an important field of research. A well-known and frequently used utility to express oxygen stress experienced by plants is the Feddes-function. This function reduces root water uptake linearly between two constant pressure heads, representing threshold values for minimum and maximum oxygen deficiency. However, the correctness of this expression has never been evaluated and constant critical values for oxygen stress are likely to be inappropriate. On theoretical grounds it is expected that oxygen stress depends on various abiotic and biotic factors. In this paper, we propose a fundamentally different approach to assess oxygen stress: we built a plant physiological and soil physical process-based model to calculate the minimum gas filled porosity of the soil (_{gas_min}) at which oxygen stress occurs.First, we calculated the minimum oxygen concentration in the gas phase of the soil needed to sustain the roots through (micro-scale) diffusion with just enough oxygen to respire. Subsequently, _{gas_min} that corresponds to this minimum oxygen concentration was calculated from diffusion from the atmosphere through the soil (macro-scale).We analyzed the validity of constant critical values to represent oxygen stress in terms of _{gas_min}, based on model simulations in which we distinguished different soil types and in which we varied temperature, organic matter content, soil depth and plant characteristics. Furthermore, in order to compare our model results with the Feddes-function, we linked root oxygen stress to root water uptake (through the sink term variable F, which is the ratio of actual and potential uptake).The simulations showed that _{gas_min} is especially sensitive to soil temperature, plant characteristics (root dry weight and maintenance respiration coefficient) and soil depth but hardly to soil organic matter content. Moreover, _{gas_min} varied considerably between soil types and was larger in sandy soils than in clayey soils. We demonstrated that F of the Feddes-function indeed decreases approximately linearly, but that actual oxygen stress already starts at drier conditions than according to the Feddes-function. How much drier is depended on the factors indicated above. Thus, the Feddes-function might cause large errors in the prediction of transpiration reduction and growth reduction through oxygen stress.We made our method easily accessible to others by implementing it in SWAP, a user-friendly soil water model that is coupled to plant growth. Since constant values for _{gas_min} in plant and hydrological modeling appeared to be inappropriate, an integrated approach, including both physiological and physical processes, should be used instead. Therefore, we advocate using our method in all situations where oxygen stress could occur.     

Ar和H在矿物中的扩散补偿关系及其对扩散系数的预测

对现有实验扩散数据的检查发现 ,Ar和H两种元素在不同矿物中分别存在着扩散补偿关系。孔隙度作为矿物内部离子堆积密度的一种量度 ,它与Ar和H的扩散活化能之间存在负的线性相关性 ,因而可以用于预测元素在矿物中的扩散系数。文中采用离子孔隙度法预测了Ar和H在不同矿物中的扩散系数 ,得到的结果与已有的实验数据在实验误差范围内是一致的。由于扩散补偿效应 ,同一物质在不同矿物中的扩散速率在特定温度下趋于汇聚 ,Ar扩散的转折温度为 (86 0± 10 0 )℃ ,H扩散的转折温度为 (330± 50 )℃。这为地质过程中Ar和H扩散的封闭温度提供了一种借鉴 ,因此伴随Ar扩散的地质时钟在低于 86 0℃时才开始启动 ,共存矿物间的氢同位素地质温度计仅当温度低于 330℃时才是有效的。     

辽东湾旅大地区古近系成岩作用与储集层孔隙关系研究

辽东湾旅大地区古近系储层砂岩类型主要为长石砂岩和岩屑长石砂岩,岩屑成分主要为岩浆岩和较多的变质岩.胶结类型以孔隙式胶结为主,孔隙类型以次生孔隙为主.砂岩成岩作用包括压实作用、胶结作用、溶蚀作用等,其中胶结作用使储层原生孔隙迅速变差,而溶蚀作用是次生孔隙发育的主要因素.成岩作用对砂岩储集层的孔隙结构起着显著的改造作用,孔隙度演化与成岩阶段有较好的对应关系.