Shape factor in the drawdown solution for well testing of dual-porosity systems

One of the important parameters in existing commercial dual-porosity reservoir simulators is matrix–fracture shape factor, which is customarily obtained by assuming a constant pressure at the matrix–fracture boundary. In his work, Chang [1] and [2] addressed the impact of boundary conditions at the matrix–fracture interface and presented analytical solutions for the transient shape factor and showed that for a slab-shaped matrix block a constant pressure boundary condition leads to an asymptotic (long-time) shape factor of π²/L², and that a constant volumetric flux leads to an asymptotic shape factor of 12/L². In a recent paper [3], we reconfirmed Chang’s [1] and [2] results using a Laplace transform approach. In this study, we extend our previous analysis and use infinite-acting radial and linear dual-porosity models, where the boundary condition is chosen at the wellbore, as opposed to at the matrix boundary. The coupled equations for fracture and matrix are solved analytically, taking into account the transient exchange between matrix and fracture. The analytical solution that invokes the time dependency of fracture boundary condition under constant rate is then used to calculate the transient shape factors. It is shown that, for a well producing at constant rate from a naturally fractured reservoir, the appropriate value of stabilized shape factor is 12/L². This contrasts with the commonly used shape factor for a slab-shaped matrix block that is subject to a constant pressure boundary condition, which is π²/L². The errors in the matrix–fracture exchange term in a dual-porosity model associated with the use of a shape factor derived based on constant pressure boundary condition at the matrix boundary are then evaluated.     

Composition and properties of the iron hydroxides-cemented lenses in Estonian sandstone of Middle Devonian age

The formation of hematite and goethite concretions in different sedimentary rocks including sandstones is an important diagenetic process in the geologic history of the Earth. Its interpretation can also contribute to understanding the diagenetic history of Martian iron hydroxide concretions. A case study of iron-rich concretions from Estonian Middle Devonian sandstones exposed in ancient river valleys in southeastern Estonia was carried out based on the results of mineralogical, petrographical, geochemical, petrophysical and magnetic analyses. It was found that the high Fe₂O₃(total) content (25.0–39.5%), high magnetic susceptibility, bulk and grain density, very low porosity, corrosion and fracturing of the quartz grains of the platy iron concretions are in contrast with properties of the Devonian host sandstones. However the ferrous iron content (measured as FeO) of iron-rich concretions was as low as in the other Devonian rocks, suggesting an oxidizing environment and arid climate during the cementation by iron-hydroxides. The fracturing of quartz grains cemented by iron hydroxides could take place at near-surface conditions including vadose and phreatic zones in arid climate with high evaporation rates. Such climatic conditions have been reported for the Baltic region during Devonian, Upper Permian and Triassic times. We have found that goethite is prevalent in the cement, replacing clay and carbonate minerals. We assume that this iron-rich cement is originated from the mobilization of iron in host sandstones by groundwater, associated with tectonic activity at the end of the Middle Devonian, evidenced by fracturing in Devonian outcrops and caves. Although this mobilization could occur under reducing conditions, precipitation of goethite and hematite for the cementation could take place in oxidizing environment along bedding planes close to the surface during short sedimentation breaks. Another possible time for the formation of iron concretions could be Permian, under the condition of both arid climate and tectonic activity.     

长岭地区火山岩储层流体性质测井预测

火山岩储层非均质性强,其岩石的矿物成分复杂,裂缝、溶蚀孔的类型、组合分布有极强的各向异性,这给火山岩储层流体性质预测造成很大困难.本文通过运用偶极横波资料和三重孔隙解释模型对长岭地区火山岩储层流体性质进行了预测,并取得了较好的效果.说明可以应用这些方法对火山岩储层流体性质进行预测.     

火山岩、白云岩储层基质孔隙度计算方法分析(英文)

火山岩、风化壳白云岩等缝洞储层基质孔隙度计算是测井评价亟需解决的难题之一.本文首先将全直径流纹岩声波实验公式(2005年,李宁)与国内外常用的基质孔隙度计算公式进行了细致的对比;进而就该公式在中基性火山岩、风化壳白云岩等缝洞储层中的适用性进行了深入讨论,并以岩心分析资料为基础,详细给出了该公式与其它公式在计算上述储层基质孔隙度时的误筹分布.误差统计结果表明该公式具有更高的精度.通过中国东部和西部三家油田70口井的实际应用验证,在孔隙度从1.5%到15%范围内,该公式不仅适用于酸性火山岩储层,而且适用于中基性火山岩、风化壳白云岩等缝洞储层基质孔隙度的评价.同时,该公式能够最大限度地减小扩径、岩石蚀变等复杂地质条件对计算结果的影响,实用性更强.     

干旱区新垦绿洲人工防护林土壤物理特性及其生态意义

结合灌溉量和树种特征,分析了新垦绿洲克拉玛依农业开发区3个不同树种人工防护林带下土壤容重、总孔隙度、饱和含水量和含水量变化。结果表明,各树种防护林带下土壤物理性质存在垂直变异,其中土壤容重基本呈随着土层深度增加而逐渐增加的趋势,树种种类对土壤容重的影响不大;饱和含水量随着土层深度增加基本呈逐渐降低的趋势,树种种类对土壤饱和含水量影响不大;土壤总孔隙度在不同土层间均存在显著差异。俄罗斯杨和胡杨林带下土壤含水量均呈现出随土层深度增加而增加的趋势。在灌溉量相等且灌溉后经过相同时间的条件下,不同树种林带下在同一土层的土壤含水量存在差异,而在同一树种林带下,灌溉量大小对土壤含水量有影响。从改良土壤结构的角度来说,在选择构建绿洲防护林体系树种时,俄罗斯杨、榆树、胡杨林这3个树种具有同样的优势;从节约用水的角度来说,在防护林树种选择中胡杨比俄罗斯杨的优势大。     

Borehole image-based evaluation of coral reef porosity distribution characteristics

In this study, we used digital borehole image camera to obtain images of porosity distribution in coral reefs in South China Sea, and developed an effective evaluation system for such distributions. First, the original images are preprocessed, allowing the pore regions to be automatically detected. The depth and sectional functions are established to measure five parameters: pore count, pore radius, radius concentration rate, total pore area ratio, and fractal dimension count. These are used to calculate the characteristic values of porosity distributions, and their fuzzy relationships are used to build the evaluation model, determine the Hamming distances between distributions, and establish the relationships between the characteristics and coral rock classifications. Test results from applying the method on a deep borehole image segment show the results to be consistent with other methods, and the following conclusions can be reached: (1) the porosity evaluation model is a viable way to analyze porosity distribution characteristics; (2) the resulting classification method is viable; and (3) porosity distribution analysis on coral reefs has important implications.     

鄂尔多斯盆地华庆地区长6_3储层成藏期孔隙度定量演化及致密成因机理

基于鄂尔多斯盆地华庆地区长6_3致密砂岩储层三角洲前缘及半深湖相的稳定沉积特征,按照碎屑岩成岩演化特征或地质综合效应建立与孔隙度对应的模拟方程。采用铸体薄片及扫描电镜描述岩石的矿物组分及孔隙类型;图像粒度获取碎屑颗粒的结构特征及分选性;利用沉积微相、测井、样品取样点常规物性及深度分析获取沉积环境、埋藏深度、物性;结合古温度、镜质组反射率、最高热解温度、粘土矿物等数据,开展成岩作用、孔隙演化、相对高渗成因的研究;结合研究区埋藏史、古地温研究,基于不同成岩作用下孔隙度演化特征分析华庆油田长6_3储层致密成因机理。目的层主要属于压实型成岩改造类型,差异性成岩演化过程是导致储层物性不同和孔隙结构差异的根本原因。     

青藏高原含砂砾石土壤导热率实验研究

土壤导热率是土壤的基本物理参数之一,也是陆面模式的重要输入量,对研究土壤热传输、水热耦合运移有重要意义。青藏高原由于独特的地理环境备受学者关注,但目前常用的土壤水、热属性参数化方案仅仅考虑了沙土、粉土和黏土,就砂砾石重要性的认识还不足,很少有模式模拟砾石对青藏高原多年冻土和高寒草地的影响。采用便携式热导仪（KD2 Pro,DECAGON,美国）测量了青藏高原玛多和北麓河两地典型土壤在冻结和未冻结状态下不同水分条件时的土壤导热率,分析了砂砾石含量对土壤孔隙度的影响及冻结和未冻结状态下,不同水分条件下砂砾石含量对土壤导热率的影响。结果表明：当含水量高于某一阈值时,含水土壤冻结状态下的导热率高于未冻结状态下的导热率;土壤含水量对土壤导热率影响显著,导热率随着含水量的增加而增大,在含水量较小时变化更明显;砂砾石含量比重多的土壤孔隙度较小,且砂砾石含量越大的土壤在冻结状态下导热率高。以上结果表明,砂砾石对土壤导热率有显著影响,在将来的模式模拟研究中必须考虑砂砾石对土壤热属性的影响,进而提高土壤水热过程模拟的精度。     

基于新型中压堵漏试验仪的堵漏试验研究

堵漏试验仪是制定防漏堵漏技术方案的关键实验设备之一。针对现有堵漏试验仪普遍存在的结构复杂、试验流程繁冗、浆液用量较大、数据重现性较差等问题,设计了一种中压（试验压力为0～1 MPa）堵漏试验仪。该装置能模拟1～3 mm的条缝型漏失地层和1～4 mm的孔洞型漏失地层,封板（缝板和孔板）的实际漏失面积为0.35～2.79 cm2,孔隙率1.81%～14.24%。基于该试验装置,获取了由膨胀堵漏剂、核桃壳等组成的适于不同漏失地层的堵漏浆液配方。研究发现,堵漏浆液的封堵效果不仅取决于裂缝或孔洞的大小,也要考虑其孔隙率。该堵漏仪及堵漏浆液配方可为钻井防漏堵漏工作提供有益参考。