储层孔(裂)隙的物理模拟与超声波实验研究

以超声波实验作为研究手段,用人工物理模型模拟油气储层中的裂缝和孔洞．通过室内超声波实验观测不同缝、洞孔隙度物理模型的地震波特征响应,分析了缝、洞孔隙度的变化对地震波属性参数的影响,重点讨论了裂缝、孔洞孔隙度与纵横波属性的关系．实验分析结果表明：储层缝、洞孔隙度的变化对地震波的纵横波速度、振幅、衰减和主频等参数有着明显的影响,并对各参数的影响程度进行了对比分析．随着缝、洞孔隙度的逐渐增加,地震波的纵横波速度、振幅、衰减和主频等参数都有不同程度的减小,但振幅、衰减、主频的减小程度要比速度高1—3个数量级,这为合理地选择和利用地震波的速度、振幅、衰减和主频等参数来进行地下储层中裂缝、孔洞分布和发育程度的检测和预测提供了可靠的实验依据．     

鄂尔多斯盆地西部长6砂岩致密化过程分析

通过储层物性、铸体薄片和带能谱仪的扫描电镜,对鄂尔多斯盆地西部长6砂岩的致密化过程进行定量研究。研究表明,鄂尔多斯盆地西部长6超低渗透砂岩的原始沉积物孔隙度为39.3%,渗透率为22400×10-3 μm2,其致密化过程分为2个阶段;早成岩阶段的压实作用和方解石及绿泥石膜胶结作用,导致砂岩的孔隙度和渗透率急剧下降到8.0%和0.17×10-3 μm2,砂岩转化为超低渗透储层;中成岩阶段A期的油气充注成藏过程中,油气携带有机酸性流体进入超低渗透储层,长石与有机酸性流体发生反应,产生长石溶蚀孔隙,使孔隙度和渗透率提高到11.6%和0.61×10-3 μm2;鄂尔多斯盆地西部长6超低渗透砂岩致密与成藏的配置关系为"先致密后成藏,边成藏边扩容增渗"。      

松辽盆地龙西地区泉四段砂岩成岩序列及孔隙演化特征

通过岩芯观察、镜下薄片、扫描电镜和X衍射分析等资料,对松辽盆地龙西地区泉四段砂岩的岩石学特征、成岩作用类型、成岩阶段划分和成岩共生序列及孔隙演化特征进行了研究。结果表明：龙西地区泉四段主要为长石质岩屑砂岩,局部为岩屑质长石砂岩;经历的主要成岩作用类型有压实作用、自生石英胶结作用、自生黏土矿物胶结作用、碳酸盐胶结作用、交代和溶蚀作用等;龙西地区泉四段砂岩为中成岩阶段A期,且细分为A1和A2亚期;随着成岩演化,压实和胶结作用使得原生孔隙减小,而溶蚀作用使得储层孔隙结构得到改善;孔隙类型由缩小粒间孔组成变为由缩小粒间孔和溶蚀粒间孔组合组成。     

华北石炭—二叠系煤的孔渗特征及主控因素

煤的低孔、低渗问题已经成为制约我国煤层气勘探和开发的关键问题之一。选取华北河东、渭北、阳泉、晋城、大同和两淮等6个煤田,通过煤岩学特征测试、微裂隙分析和低温氮孔隙结构分析,对该区煤的孔渗发育特征及其控制机理进行了系统研究。华北地区煤的孔隙度在2%～10%之间,孔隙度的大小主要受3次煤化作用跃变所控制,在Ro,r约为1.2%附近达到最小值。矿物充填作用在一定程度上降低了煤的孔隙度。华北地区煤的渗透率一般都在5×10-3μm2以下,渗透率与孔隙度呈显著的幂指数关系。无烟煤以微孔为主,孔隙度都在6%以下,渗透率的大小主要取决于裂隙的发育程度;而中低煤级煤的渗透率不仅受裂隙影响,也受煤中各级孔隙发育的影响较大。     

沉积地层埋藏过程对泥岩压实作用的影响

同一岩层经过不同的埋藏轨迹最终达到相同的埋藏终止状态,其孔隙度的保存量存在差异。文中从粘弹塑性体应力-应变模型(Bingham模型)出发,经过严格的数学推导,得出变速埋藏条件下地层孔隙度与埋深和经历时间的函数关系,认为地层孔隙度受埋藏时间和埋藏深度两个因素共同影响,其实质是孔隙度大小受地层埋藏史控制。为了充分证实这一结论,从数学上推导四大类型(加速型、恒速型、减速型和先埋后停型)沉降盆地孔隙度的时间深度函数。研究表明,加速型埋藏盆地对孔隙的保存最为有利,减速型埋藏盆地对孔隙的保存最为不利,恒速型埋藏盆地对孔隙的保存居中。该结论不仅在中国南海北部湾盆地和珠江口盆地得到很好的验证,而且与前人通过统计3种类型埋藏盆地相对应的3个代表性沉积盆地(前陆盆地、裂谷盆地和克拉通盆地)孔隙度的演化关系相一致。     

人工智能神经网络在岩性识别、孔隙度和渗透率预测中的应用——以十红滩铀矿床为例

分析了传统测井解释方法的局限性。从神经网络的机理、特点出发,提出了一种基于人工智能神经网络技术的岩性识别、孔隙度和渗透率预测方法。首先选取适当的测井资料向量组成一个训练模式对,由多个训练模式对构成一个学习样本集。通过神经网络的学习,使网络记住这些特征并形成预测模型,最后根据预测模型计算相应参数。以十红滩地区的找矿目的层为对象,进行了岩性分析与对比,预测了孔隙度与渗透率,并与实测值进行了对比。上述实例分析表明,该方法用于砂岩型铀矿预测岩性、孔隙度和渗透率具有一定的可行性。与传统方法相比,该方法不需要建立具体的解释模型和计算公式,有较好的适应性和预测精度。基于人工智能神经网络技术的岩性识别、孔隙度和渗透率预测方法具有较高的实用价值。     

Quantification of Exhumation from Sonic Velocity Data, Cooper Basin, Australia, and Implications for Hydrocarbon Exploration

Exhumation (defined as rock uplift minus surface uplift) in the Cooper Basin of South Australia and Queensland has been quantified using the compaction methodology. The sonic log, which is strongly controlled by the amount of porosity, is an appropriate indicator of compaction, and hence is used for quantifying exhumation from compaction. The traditional way of estimating exhumation based on the degree of overcompaction of a single shale unit has been modified and five units ranging in age from Permian to Triassic have been analysed. The results reveal that exhumation increases eastwards from the South Australia into the Queensland sector of the basin. The results show that exhumation in Late Triassic – Early Jurassic times, after the Cooper Basin deposition, seems to be 200–400 m higher than exhumation in Late Cretaceous – Tertiary times, after the Eromanga Basin deposition. This study has major implications for hydrocarbon exploration. Maturation of source rocks will be greater for any given geothermal history if exhumation is incorporated in maturation modelling. Exhumation values can also be used to improve porosity predictions of reservoir units in undrilled targets.     

Permeability Evolution During Non-linear Viscous Creep of Calcite Rocks

Permeability, storage capacity and volumetric strain were measured in situ during deformation of hot-pressed calcite aggregates containing 10, 20, and 30 wt% quartz. Both isostatic and conventional triaxial loading conditions were used. The tests were performed at confining pressure of 300 MPa, pore pressures between 50 to 290 MPa, temperatures from 673 to 873 K and strain rates of 3 × 10⁻⁵ s⁻¹. Argon gas was used as the pore fluid. The initial porosities of the starting samples varied from 5% to 9%, with higher porosity correlated to higher quartz content. Microstructural observations after the experiment indicate two kinds of pores are present: 1) Angular, crack-like pores along boundaries between quartz grains or between quartz and calcite grains and 2) equant and tubular voids within the calcite matrix. Under isostatic loading conditions, the compaction rate covaries with porosity and increases with increasing effective pressure. Most of the permeability reduction induced during compaction is irreversible and probably owes to plastic processes. As has been found in previous studies on hot-pressed calcite aggregates, permeability, k, is nonlinearly related to porosity, ϕ. Over small changes in porosity, the two parameters are approximately related as k ∝ ϕⁿ. The exponent n strongly increases as porosity decreases to a finite value (from about 4 to 6% depending on quartz content), suggesting a porosity percolation threshold. When subjected to triaxial deformation, the calcite-quartz aggregates exhibit shear-enhanced compaction, but permeability does not decrease as rapidly as it does under isostatic conditions. During triaxial compaction the exponent n only varies between 2 and 3. Non-isostatic deformation seems to reduce the percolation threshold, and, in fact, enhances the permeability relative to that at the same porosity during isostatic compaction. Our data provide constraints on the governing parameters of the compaction theory which describes fluid flow through a viscous matrix, and may have important implications for expulsion of sedimentary fluids, for fluid flow during deformation and metamorphism, and melt extraction from partially molten rocks.     

Quantitative Analysis of Porosity Heterogeneity: Application of Geostatistics to Borehole Images

High levels of heterogeneity in many carbonate reservoirs have raised concerns about the validity and relevance of small-scale measurements from core plugs and high-resolution logs. While the measurements themselves may be accurate, they may not be representative of the average formation properties. A related question is one of reconciling the measurements made in small volume of investigation data (e.g., core plugs), with the measurements from relatively large volume of investigation data (e.g., wireline logs). This paper presents a technique to quantitatively describe the porosity heterogeneity in a borehole at the scale of several tenths of an inch. The method involves treating high-resolution borehole imagery as a 2D sample from a 3D data volume, and applying geostatistical analysis to these data. We compute the experimental semi-variogram and upscale its range and sill to larger (several inches) scales of measurement to predict the impact of heterogeneity on conventional core plug and logging tool porosity measurements. The resulting dispersion variance between the different measurement scales support the interpretation, application and comparison of these porosity measurements. This technique was applied to an Early Cretaceous carbonate reservoir in Abu Dhabi. We found that the scale of the heterogeneity is typically less than 1– 2in., so that while significant heterogeneity is observed at the core plug and smaller scales of measurement, the larger-volume logging tool measurements smooth out the heterogeneity and show considerably less variability. The differences between porosity measured in core plugs can be completely accounted for by this upscaling effect.     

分形多孔介质孔隙微结构参数与渗透率的分维关系

根据分形几何理论的基本概念,就无序分形多孔介质孔隙率φ和渗透率K与多孔介质结构分数维数Df的关系进行了推导,利用Sierpinski固相分形体(Solid mass fractal)与孔相分形体(Pore mass fractal)概念对分形多孔介质微结构特征、孔隙累积数量-尺寸分布和孔隙率φ等参数及其物理关系给予了详细论述,定量地分析和讨论了基于不同模型的渗透率-分形维数关系与它们的差异.