基于South Pole站和McMurdo站的极区电离层闪烁统计特性

利用South Pole和Mc Murdo两站2013年12月至2014年11月期间的电离层相位闪烁数据,统计分析了两站电离层相位闪烁发生率的周日分布和季节分布。统计结果表明,两站的相位闪烁发生率在季节分布上,春秋季明显大于夏冬季;在周日分布上呈双峰结构。在磁中午附近和磁子夜后有较大的闪烁发生率。磁中午附近是因为极隙区的软电子沉降和电离层对流导致的电离层不均匀性,造成较强的无线电波闪烁;磁子夜附近闪烁增强可能是穿越极盖区的等离子体云破碎造成较大密度梯度导致。总体上说,Mc Murdo站的闪烁发生率高于South Pole站,这可能是因为它们所处的磁纬不同所致。     

利用 ARMA 模型短期预报北极地区电离层 T EC

北极地区电离层结构分布较为特殊,存在梯度变化。利用时间序列分析中的自回归移动平均模型(Autoregressive Moving Average,ARMA)对欧洲定轨中心(CODE)发布的北纬67.5°~87.5°以及利用反距离加权插值法得到的90°的格网数据逐点进行建模,分别利用7d、10d、20d、30d、40d、50d的电离层TEC值为样本数据采用线性最小方差法进行预报分析。结果表明:90%以上的预报绝对误差小于3TECU,预报精度随TEC样本序列长度的增加而提高,但样本序列增加到一定值后,相对精度提高不大;相同样本数据的预报精度随预报时间长度的增加而降低,起初不是很明显,超过20d后精度降低明显且波动幅度较大。尽管北极地区存在梯度变化,ARMA模型在北极地区具有较高的预报精度,是一种比较理想的预报方法。     

The High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) during MRO’s Primary Science Phase (PSP)

The High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) acquired 8 terapixels of data in 9137 images of Mars between October 2006 and December 2008, covering ∼0.55% of the surface. Images are typically 5-6 km wide with 3-color coverage over the central 20% of the swath, and their scales usually range from 25 to 60 cm/pixel. Nine hundred and sixty stereo pairs were acquired and more than 50 digital terrain models (DTMs) completed; these data have led to some of the most significant science results. New methods to measure and correct distortions due to pointing jitter facilitate topographic and change-detection studies at sub-meter scales. Recent results address Noachian bedrock stratigraphy, fluvially deposited fans in craters and in or near Valles Marineris, groundwater flow in fractures and porous media, quasi-periodic layering in polar and non-polar deposits, tectonic history of west Candor Chasma, geometry of clay-rich deposits near and within Mawrth Vallis, dynamics of flood lavas in the Cerberus Palus region, evidence for pyroclastic deposits, columnar jointing in lava flows, recent collapse pits, evidence for water in well-preserved impact craters, newly discovered large rayed craters, and glacial and periglacial processes. Of particular interest are ongoing processes such as those driven by the wind, impact cratering, avalanches of dust and/or frost, relatively bright deposits on steep gullied slopes, and the dynamic seasonal processes over polar regions. HiRISE has acquired hundreds of large images of past, present and potential future landing sites and has contributed to scientific and engineering studies of those sites. Warming the focal-plane electronics prior to imaging has mitigated an instrument anomaly that produces bad data under cold operating conditions.     

月球电离层探测与研究

从20世纪60年代到本世纪初,人类发射了一系列绕月飞船,对月球大气和月球电离层进行研究。科学家发现,月球电离层主要出现在向日面。在表面几百米高度范围内,由太阳辐射导致的光致电离使得月球向日面出现密度不超过10^10／m2的电离层等离子体。进一步研究表明,由于月球没有内禀磁场,月球电离层与太阳风中的行星际电场耦合在一起,时刻处在“飘动”中。电离层密度的变化与月相、当地的月表剩磁、太阳风条件、当地的月壤特性等相联系。     

An optimized finite difference method based on a polar coordinate system for regional-scale irregular topography

The finite difference method (FDM) is an important numerical approach for simulating the propagation of seismic waves, and some FDMs can be used to study the impact of the Earth’s curvature and topography over large distances. To efficiently model the effects of the Earth’s irregular topography on the propagation of seismic waves, here we optimize a previously proposed grid mesh method and develop a novel two-dimensional boundary-conforming FDM based on a curvilinear polar coordinate system. This method efficiently simulates the propagation of seismic waves in an arc-shaped model with large variations in surface topography. Our method was benchmarked against other reported methods using several global-scale models. The consistency of the results confirms the validity of our proposed optimization strategy. Furthermore, our findings indicate that the proposed optimization strategy improves computational efficiency.     

The 2009 Summer Low Temperature in Northeast China and Its Association with Prophase Changes of the Air-Sea System

Under the background of global warming, summer (JJA) low temperature events in Northeast China had not occurred for about 15 yr since 1994, but one such event took place in 2009. By using the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, the 100-yr station temperature data at Harbin and Changchun, and the Hadley Center sea surface temperature (SST) data, this paper intends to reveal the cause, circulation background, and influencing factors of this event. Analysis of both horizontal and vertical circulations of a low-value system over Northeast China in summer 2009 during the low temperature event shows that anomalous activities of the Northeast China cold vortex (NECV) played the most direct role. A decadal cooling trend of-0.8 C (10 yr)-1 over 1999-2008 at Changchun and Harbin was found, which is obviously out-of-phase with the linear warming trend (0.2 C (10 yr)-1 ) over 1961-2000 for Northeast China in response to the global warming. The previous winter North Pacific polar vortex (NPPV) area index, significantly positively related to the observed summer temperatures of Harbin and Changchun, was also in a significantly declining tendency. These provide favorable decadal backgrounds for the 2009 low temperature event. Different from the average anomaly field of 500-hPa height for summer 1994-2008 in Northeast China, in the summer of 2009, the Arctic Oscillation (AO) showed a strong negative phase distribution, and significant negative height anomalies dominated Northeast Asia, Aleutian Islands, and North Atlantic. Furthermore, the negative phase of North Pacific Oscillation (NPO) in the winter of 2008 was obviously strong, and it maintained in the spring of 2009. Meanwhile, the SSTA in the equatorial eastern-central Pacific Ocean in the winter of 2008 showed a La Nina phase, but the strength of the La Nina weakened obviously in the spring of 2009. The abnormally strong activities of NECV in June and July of 2009 were related to the disturbances of stationary waves that replaced the original ultra-long waves over the North Pacific region in April and May 2009. The singular value decomposition (SVD) and harmonic analysis results suggest that the anomalous phase of NPO is an important precursor for summer temperature variations over Northeast China, and also a stable planetary-scale component that can be extracted from the atmospheric circulation in addition to the chaotic components on the synoptic scale.     

新疆一次超极地寒潮天气分析

利用常规天气资料、美国NCEP/NCAR 1°×1°网格点逐6h再分析资料,运用天气学原理,对2012年1月16～21日新疆冬季一次超极地路径寒潮天气过程进行分析和总结。结果表明：本次过程是一次极地冷空气向南爆发影响新疆的寒潮天气,属于乌拉尔山脊类里咸海长脊型;寒潮发生在极涡偏在东北半球,超长波为三波的大背景下。过程期间欧亚范围维持两槽一脊的经向环流,欧洲与西伯利亚地区均为深厚的低压系统,里咸海长脊与乌拉尔山脊同位相叠加形成经向度超过35个纬距的暖性闭合高压,即乌拉尔山阻塞高压。随着乌拉尔山阻高不断向东南方向衰退,脊前强的北风带推动西西伯利亚横槽转竖南压引导极地冷空气向南爆发造成新疆大范围的寒潮天气。寒潮天气入侵新疆前后海平面气压中心强度分别为1047.5hPa和1071hPa。强的冷平流是气温骤降的主要原因。中高层偏西急流与近地面风场辐合形成的垂直环流为降雪提供必要的动力条件。降雪过程中,南北疆中低层增湿明显。北疆降雪水汽来源于咸海和巴湖,寒潮爆发后降雪成因归结于强的冷平流在动力作用下的冷凝降雪。数值预报性能检验来看,500hPa高度场预报ECWMF较T639精准且稳定性高,气压场和850hPa温度场预报T639优于ECWMF。     

论极坐标法在山体边坡爆破测量中的应用

阐述了极坐标法在山体边坡爆破测量中的应用。包括在杭甬高速公路拓宽工程中306标段施工边界线、坡顶线、坡底线和坡的开挖线的放样,炮孔深度的测算等。极坐标法在山体边坡爆破测量中对工程的施工既起到了保障和检校的作用,又起到了对工程施工降低成本费用的作用。     

GNSS大气掩星电离层修正方法研究

对四种主要的电离层修正方法的修正效果进行了对比分析,理论及模拟分析结果表明：由于对伪距的测量精度较低,简单的单频电离层修正法误差较大,一般只对单频接收机或者载波L2的观测数据缺失或质量较差时应用;在双频电离层修正方法中,相位线性组合法由于没有考虑电离层色散引起的电波路径差别,修正效果不如另外几种双频修正方法,多在地面导航中进行高仰角观测时应用。弯曲角线性组合法的修正效果最好,优于其他电离层修正方法。     

GZCORS—RTK高程精度稳定性分析

利用广州市市政普查的数据,对GZCORS—RTK的高程精度进行分析研究。结果表明：电离层延迟对GZCORS—RTK高程精度的影响相当严重,由于电离层的影响随时间和空间变化,使高程精度具有一定的不稳定性。提出了一些提高GZCORS—RTK高程精度稳定性的措施。