Tropical Cyclones and Polar Lows: Velocity, Size,and Energy Scales, and Relation to the 26°C Cyclone Origin Criteria

The goal of this paper is to quantitatively formulate some necessary conditions for the development of intense atmospheric vortices. Specifically, these criteria are discussed for tropical cyclones (TC) and polar lows (PL) by using bulk formulas for fluxes of momentum, sensible heating, and latent heating between the ocean and the atmosphere. The velocity scale is used in two forms: (1) as expressed through the buoyancy flux b and the Coriolis parameter lc for rotating fluids convection, and (2) as expressed with the cube of velocity times the drag coefficient through the formula for total kinetic energy dissipation in the atmospheric boundary layer. In the quasistationary case the dissipation equals the generation of the energy. In both cases the velocity scale can be expressed through temperature and humidity differences between the ocean and the atmosphere in terms of the reduced gravity, and both forms produce quite comparable velocity scales. Using parameters b and lc., we can form scales of the area and, by adding the mass of a unit air column, a scale of the total kinetic energy as well. These scales nicely explain the much smaller size of a PL, as compared to a TC, and the total kinetic energy of a TC is of the order 1018 - 1019 J. It will be shown that wind of 33 m s-1 is produced when the total enthalpy fluxes between the ocean and the atmosphere are about 700 W m-2 for a TC and 1700 W m-2 for a PL, in association with the much larger role of the latent heat in the first case and the stricter geostrophic constraints and larger static stability in the second case. This replaces the mystical role of 26~C as a criterion for TC origin. The buoyancy flux, a product of the reduced gravity and the wind speed, together with the atmospheric static stability, determines the rate of the penetrating convection. It is known from the observations that the formation time for a PL reaching an altitude of 5-6 km can be only a few hours, and a day, or even half a day, for a TC reaching 15-18 km. These two facts allow us to construct curves on the plane of Ts and △T= Ts - Ta to determine possibilities for forming an intense vortex. Here, Ta is the atmospheric temperature at the height z = 10 m. A PL should have △T > 20℃ in accordance with the observations and numerical simulations. The conditions for a TC are not so straightforward but our diagram shows that the temperature difference of a few degrees, or possibly even a fraction of a degree, might be sufficient for TC development for a range of static stabilities and development times.     

有机组分土-水分配系数的确定(英文)

有机组分的土水分配系数(Kd)是描述有机组分在地下系统中吸附特征的重要参数。同时,它也是物质运移模拟和环境评价中的主要参数之一。影响Kd的因素可概括为三个方面:土壤性质、有机组分本身特征及水相的物理化学性质。一般而言,对于非极性和弱极性有机组分,土壤中的有机质含量(foc )是影响Kd的最主要因素。但是,对于极性有机组分(POCs), 特别是在土壤有机质含量较低的情况下,土壤中矿物的种类和含量、水化学组分特征(pH、离子力等)经常在吸附过程中起重要作用。实验室内测定Kd的方法包括批实验和柱实验方法。批实验法适用于研究Kd较高情况下的吸附。在Kd较低的情况下,如低有机质土壤对极性有机污染物的吸附,土柱色谱法(SCC)是更适宜的选择。另外,可用土柱色谱法快速了解各种因素对吸附过程的影响,并获取详细的吸附和解吸信息。应用土柱色谱法时应当注意非平衡吸附和可能的柱堵塞问题。很多文献中提到结合柱实验和已有的吸附数据来预测土壤有机碳标准化的分配系数Koc(=Kd/foc)。但是,如果没有考虑吸附中特定的作用过程(如矿物吸附),对极性有机组分Koc的预测将会产生很大的误差。在环境评价中,将从一种土壤测定的Koc 应用到不同性质的土壤中,可能会导致错误的认识。在进行室内实验时,应把标准土(如Eurosoi     

基于不同电离层模型的精密单点定位精度分析

随着PPP的发展与应用,对PPP误差源的研究更加精细、更加科学.电离层折射是高精度PPP的主要误差之一,国内外通用方法是用大气传播理论建立电离层修正模型.本文主要探讨了电离层对精密单点定位影响的基本理论,总结了目前常用方法;研究了Klobuchar模型的改正公式及计算方法;系统地研究了双频观测值建立消电离层延迟模型的理...     

Hillslope water tracks in the High Arctic: Seasonal flow dynamics with changing water sources in preferential flow paths

Preferential subsurface flow paths known as water tracks are often the principal hydrological pathways of headwater catchments in permafrost areas, exerting an influence on slope physical and biogeochemical processes. In polar deserts, where water resources depend on snow redistribution, water tracks are mostly found in hydrologically active areas downslope from snowdrifts. Here, we measured the flow through seeping water track networks and at the front of a perennial snowdrift, at Ward Hunt Island in the Canadian High Arctic. We also used stable isotope analysis to determine the origin of this water, which ultimately discharges into Ward Hunt Lake. These measurements of water track hydrology indicated a glacio‐nival run‐off regime, with flow production mechanisms that included saturation overland flow (return flow) in a low sloping area, throughflow or pipe‐like flow in most seepage locations, and infiltration excess overland flow at the front of the snowdrift. Each mechanism delivered varying proportions of snowmelt and ground water, and isotopic compositions evolved during the melting season. Unaltered snowmelt water contributed to >90% of total flow from water track networks early in the season, and these values fell to <5% towards the end of the melting season. In contrast, infiltration excess overland flow from snowdrift consisted of a steady percentage of snowmelt water in July (mean of 69%) and August (71%). The water seeping at locations where no snow was left in August 2015 was isotopically enriched, indicating a contribution of the upper, ice‐rich layer of permafrost to late summer discharge during warmer years. Air temperature was the main driver of snowmelt, but the effect of slope aspect on solar radiation best explained the diurnal discharge variation at all sites. The water tracks in this polar desert are part of a patterned ground network, which increases connectivity between the principal water sources (snowdrifts) and the bottom of the slope. This would reduce soil–water interactions and solute release, thereby favouring the low nutrient status of the lake.     

The High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) during MRO’s Primary Science Phase (PSP)

The High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) acquired 8 terapixels of data in 9137 images of Mars between October 2006 and December 2008, covering ∼0.55% of the surface. Images are typically 5-6 km wide with 3-color coverage over the central 20% of the swath, and their scales usually range from 25 to 60 cm/pixel. Nine hundred and sixty stereo pairs were acquired and more than 50 digital terrain models (DTMs) completed; these data have led to some of the most significant science results. New methods to measure and correct distortions due to pointing jitter facilitate topographic and change-detection studies at sub-meter scales. Recent results address Noachian bedrock stratigraphy, fluvially deposited fans in craters and in or near Valles Marineris, groundwater flow in fractures and porous media, quasi-periodic layering in polar and non-polar deposits, tectonic history of west Candor Chasma, geometry of clay-rich deposits near and within Mawrth Vallis, dynamics of flood lavas in the Cerberus Palus region, evidence for pyroclastic deposits, columnar jointing in lava flows, recent collapse pits, evidence for water in well-preserved impact craters, newly discovered large rayed craters, and glacial and periglacial processes. Of particular interest are ongoing processes such as those driven by the wind, impact cratering, avalanches of dust and/or frost, relatively bright deposits on steep gullied slopes, and the dynamic seasonal processes over polar regions. HiRISE has acquired hundreds of large images of past, present and potential future landing sites and has contributed to scientific and engineering studies of those sites. Warming the focal-plane electronics prior to imaging has mitigated an instrument anomaly that produces bad data under cold operating conditions.     

The 2009 Summer Low Temperature in Northeast China and Its Association with Prophase Changes of the Air-Sea System

Under the background of global warming, summer (JJA) low temperature events in Northeast China had not occurred for about 15 yr since 1994, but one such event took place in 2009. By using the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, the 100-yr station temperature data at Harbin and Changchun, and the Hadley Center sea surface temperature (SST) data, this paper intends to reveal the cause, circulation background, and influencing factors of this event. Analysis of both horizontal and vertical circulations of a low-value system over Northeast China in summer 2009 during the low temperature event shows that anomalous activities of the Northeast China cold vortex (NECV) played the most direct role. A decadal cooling trend of-0.8 C (10 yr)-1 over 1999-2008 at Changchun and Harbin was found, which is obviously out-of-phase with the linear warming trend (0.2 C (10 yr)-1 ) over 1961-2000 for Northeast China in response to the global warming. The previous winter North Pacific polar vortex (NPPV) area index, significantly positively related to the observed summer temperatures of Harbin and Changchun, was also in a significantly declining tendency. These provide favorable decadal backgrounds for the 2009 low temperature event. Different from the average anomaly field of 500-hPa height for summer 1994-2008 in Northeast China, in the summer of 2009, the Arctic Oscillation (AO) showed a strong negative phase distribution, and significant negative height anomalies dominated Northeast Asia, Aleutian Islands, and North Atlantic. Furthermore, the negative phase of North Pacific Oscillation (NPO) in the winter of 2008 was obviously strong, and it maintained in the spring of 2009. Meanwhile, the SSTA in the equatorial eastern-central Pacific Ocean in the winter of 2008 showed a La Nina phase, but the strength of the La Nina weakened obviously in the spring of 2009. The abnormally strong activities of NECV in June and July of 2009 were related to the disturbances of stationary waves that replaced the original ultra-long waves over the North Pacific region in April and May 2009. The singular value decomposition (SVD) and harmonic analysis results suggest that the anomalous phase of NPO is an important precursor for summer temperature variations over Northeast China, and also a stable planetary-scale component that can be extracted from the atmospheric circulation in addition to the chaotic components on the synoptic scale.     

新疆一次超极地寒潮天气分析

利用常规天气资料、美国NCEP/NCAR 1°×1°网格点逐6h再分析资料,运用天气学原理,对2012年1月16～21日新疆冬季一次超极地路径寒潮天气过程进行分析和总结。结果表明：本次过程是一次极地冷空气向南爆发影响新疆的寒潮天气,属于乌拉尔山脊类里咸海长脊型;寒潮发生在极涡偏在东北半球,超长波为三波的大背景下。过程期间欧亚范围维持两槽一脊的经向环流,欧洲与西伯利亚地区均为深厚的低压系统,里咸海长脊与乌拉尔山脊同位相叠加形成经向度超过35个纬距的暖性闭合高压,即乌拉尔山阻塞高压。随着乌拉尔山阻高不断向东南方向衰退,脊前强的北风带推动西西伯利亚横槽转竖南压引导极地冷空气向南爆发造成新疆大范围的寒潮天气。寒潮天气入侵新疆前后海平面气压中心强度分别为1047.5hPa和1071hPa。强的冷平流是气温骤降的主要原因。中高层偏西急流与近地面风场辐合形成的垂直环流为降雪提供必要的动力条件。降雪过程中,南北疆中低层增湿明显。北疆降雪水汽来源于咸海和巴湖,寒潮爆发后降雪成因归结于强的冷平流在动力作用下的冷凝降雪。数值预报性能检验来看,500hPa高度场预报ECWMF较T639精准且稳定性高,气压场和850hPa温度场预报T639优于ECWMF。     

GZCORS—RTK高程精度稳定性分析

利用广州市市政普查的数据,对GZCORS—RTK的高程精度进行分析研究。结果表明：电离层延迟对GZCORS—RTK高程精度的影响相当严重,由于电离层的影响随时间和空间变化,使高程精度具有一定的不稳定性。提出了一些提高GZCORS—RTK高程精度稳定性的措施。     

GNSS大气掩星电离层修正方法研究

对四种主要的电离层修正方法的修正效果进行了对比分析,理论及模拟分析结果表明：由于对伪距的测量精度较低,简单的单频电离层修正法误差较大,一般只对单频接收机或者载波L2的观测数据缺失或质量较差时应用;在双频电离层修正方法中,相位线性组合法由于没有考虑电离层色散引起的电波路径差别,修正效果不如另外几种双频修正方法,多在地面导航中进行高仰角观测时应用。弯曲角线性组合法的修正效果最好,优于其他电离层修正方法。     

论极坐标法在山体边坡爆破测量中的应用

阐述了极坐标法在山体边坡爆破测量中的应用。包括在杭甬高速公路拓宽工程中306标段施工边界线、坡顶线、坡底线和坡的开挖线的放样,炮孔深度的测算等。极坐标法在山体边坡爆破测量中对工程的施工既起到了保障和检校的作用,又起到了对工程施工降低成本费用的作用。