A METHOD TO CORRECT YIELD SURFACE DRIFT IN SOIL PLASTICITY UNDER MIXED CONTROL AND EXPLICIT INTEGRATION

When applying an explicit integration algorithm in e.g. soil plasticity, the predicted stress point at the end of an elastoplastic increment of loading might not be situated on the updated current yield surface. This so-called yield surface drift could generally be held under control by using small integration steps. Another possibility, when circumstances might demand larger steps, is to adopt a drift correction method. In this paper, a drift correction method for mixed control in soil plasticity, under drained as well as undrained conditions, is proposed. By simulating triaxial tests in a Constitutive Driver, the capability and efficiency of this correction method, under different choices of implementation, have been analysed. It was concluded that the proposed drift correction method, for quite marginal additional computational cost, was able to correct successfully for yield surface drift giving results in close agreement to those obtained with a very large number of integration steps. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

近50年浙江省旱、涝气候变化及特征

用1951－1999年资料详细研究了浙江省的年、季的旱、涝气候变化特征。主要结果：浙江省夏季降水量表现出稳定的增加，其他季节（特别是秋季）的降水有不同程度的减少。每年在浙江省出现大范围旱（或涝）的可能性很大（约80％）。1985年以后浙江每年都要发生大范围的季节性的旱涝。浙江省年、季降水量旱涝有年代际变化。旱、涝发生的气候频率已经有了明显的变化，特别是夏季。奇异谱分析与最大熵谱分析的结果表明夏季、秋季与年的降水量有明显的长期趋势变化，它们还有10年左右的周期，而冬季降水的2年周期振荡特别明显。     

ADS 80数码航摄仪L0级影像后处理试验

介绍了三线阵数码航摄仪ADS 80,探讨了其Level 0级影像的后处理技术,分析了不同软件在相同地面分辨率下不同地面控制条件下的后处理精度。得出的结论是控制点分布、数量、位置和航摄影像地面分辨率对ADS 80相机L0级影像空三解算和生成的L1级影像精度影响较大;在充分考虑以上因素的情况下,ADS 80相机在获取的航摄影像地面分辨率低于成图比例尺要求时仍能得到较高的校正精度。     

黔桂岩溶山区土地利用冲突强度演变及其空间分异特征

采用基于“压力-状态-响应（Press-State-Response,PSR)的土地利用冲突强度模型,评估了1990-2010年黔桂岩溶山区土地利用冲突强度演变过程,并运用探索性空间分析方法(Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis, ESDA)对黔桂岩溶山区县域土地利用冲突强度变化的空间分异特征进行探讨,结果表明:（1）1990-2010年间黔桂岩溶山区土地利用冲突呈增强趋势,综合指数从0.09增长到0.30;（2）从全局空间自相关看,该区1990-2010年土地利用冲突强度存在显著空间集聚特征,且集聚态势进一步增强,时段Ⅲ压力指数、响应指数和综合指数变化量的Global Moran’s I指数为0.317 9、0.473 3和0.185 9,时段Ⅱ的Global Moran’s I值均大于时段Ⅰ的值;（3）就局域空间自相关而言,热点区、次热区趋向集聚于以贵阳市为龙头的黔中城市群、黔西南州、南宁市及其周边区域,冷点区、次冷区连片分布于黔桂峰丛洼地及其周边偏远山区。因而,建议在黔桂岩溶山区城镇化、工业化加速阶段,应优化土地利用结构,缓解土地利用冲突,以提高土地资源可持续利用水平。      

闭合气压系统中心位置指数的计算方案

王盘兴等在＂闭合气压系统环流指数的定义及计算＂一文中定义了闭合气压系统的面积指数S、强度指数P和中心位置指数（λc,φc）,并给出了它们的计算方案。但其中（λc,φc）的计算方案对低纬系统的计算存在明显误差,误差原因是原方案中的极点球面坐标系不适合低纬系统的计算。本文建立了一套原点位于搜索区Ω中心的新球面坐标系,通过坐标转换实现了低纬闭合气压系统中心位置指数（λc,φc）的准确计算。对7月南亚高压和1月蒙古高压中心位置指数（λc,φc）的实际计算表明,它既消除了低纬系统（南亚高压）（λc,φc）原计算方案的明显误差,又保持了与高纬系统（蒙古高压）（λc,φc）原计算方案计算结果的一致。因此,本文给出了适于计算任意纬度闭合气压系统中心位置指数（λc,φc）的计算方案。     

有效应力强度指标与总应力强度指标的关系

由总应力强度指标计算的 ,并不是试样破坏时的真实破裂角,而仅是一个假想的破裂角,与之对应的平面是一个假想的剪切破坏面。试验结果表明,试样破坏时的真实破裂角,是用有效应力强度指标 计算的 。分析论证了在关于土的抗剪强度计算的相关公式中,有效应力强度指标与总应力强度指标不可混用,且公式中有效应力强度指标应与有效应力相对应、总应力强度指标应与总应力相对应。     

An introduction to ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism

Abstract Ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) metamorphism refers to mineralogical and structural readjustment of supracrustal protoliths and associated mafic-ultramafic rocks at mantle pressures greater than ∼ 25 kbar (80-90 km). Typical products include metapelite, quartzite, marble, granulite, eclogite, paragneiss and orthogneiss; minor mafic and ultramafic rocks occur as eclogitic-ultramafic layers or blocks of various dimensions within the supracrustal rocks. For appropriate bulk compositions, metamorphism at great depths produces coesite, microdiamond and other characteristic UHP minerals with unusual compositions. Thus far, at least seven coesite-bearing eclogitic terranes and three diamond-bearing UHP regions have been documented. All lie within major continental collision belts in Eurasia, have similar supracrustal protoliths and metamorphic assemblages, occur in long, discontinuous belts that may extend several hundred kilometers or more, and typically are associated with contemporaneous high-P blueschist belts. This paper defines the P-T regimes of UHP metamorphism and describes mineralogical, petrological and tectonic characteristics for a few representative UHP terranes including the western gneiss region of Norway, the Dora Maira massif of the western Alps, the Dabie Mountains and the Su-Lu region of east-central China, and the Kokchetav massif of the former USSR. Prograde P-T paths for coesite-bearing eclogites require abnormally low geothermal gradients (approximately 7°C/km) that can be accomplished only by subduction of cold, oceanic crust-capped lithosphere ± pelagic sediments or an old, cold continent. The preservation of coesite inclusions in garnet, zircon, omphacite, kyanite and epidote, and microdiamond inclusions in garnet and zircon during exhumation of an UHP terrane requires either an extraordinarily fast rate of denudation (up to 10 cm/year) or continuous refrigeration in an extensional regime (retreating subduction zone).     

用气象卫星资料估算吉林省主要农作物产量

净第一性生产力（Npp）分析是全球变化研究中广为利用的方法,利用气象卫星资料获得年际植被指数（Iv）估算Npp建立不同作物的Npp与其产量的关系模型,即可实现对粮食总产和不同作物产量的估算。文中介绍了应用净第一性生产力遥感（NPP—RS）模型对吉林省粮食总产和主要作物产量进行估算的方法。采用NPP—RS模型,对1995～2000年吉林省的粮食总产及主要农作物玉米、水稻产量进行了动态估算。对粮食总产估产的平均相对误差为13．6％,玉米的平均相对误差为17．6％,水稻的平均相对误差为6．7％。要提高用此方法进行遥感估产的精度,还需要对当年的种植制度、种植结构的变化有所了解,注意当年的灾情,增加灾害影响系数。     

应用灰色系统理论进行地震灾害等级划分和灾情分析比较

通过对地震时人员死亡、受伤、房屋破坏和直接经济损失４个灾害损失指标的函数转换，使得用不同的损失指标判别灾害等级的标准取得了统一．然后，应用灰色聚类方法划分地震灾害等级，并用灰色关联度排序方法对不同的灾情进行分析比较．同时还对１９６６～１９８３年我国大陆７次重要地震和１９９５年我国大陆１７次地震进行了灾害等级划分和不同灾情的分析比较．结果表明，该方法基本可定量准确地评价地震灾情