基于ERA-20C再分析数据的中国近海波候研究

基于ERA-20C再分析数据,综合分析了1950—2010年间中国近海的海表风速、风浪、涌浪和混合浪的分布特点。结果表明,中国近海的风场主要受东亚季风控制,在南海南部靠近越南的海域夏季形成7 m/s的风速大值中心,冬季风速则可达9 m/s。风浪场的空间分布特点与风场相似,而受传播效应和浅水效应的影响,涌浪场四季均在吕宋海峡和东海东南部出现波高的大值中心。春夏季节中国近海大部分海域涌浪占优,与风速大值中心对应,夏冬季节南海南部10°N附近存在风浪池。趋势分析结果显示,风速和混合浪有效波高的线性趋势呈现相似的空间分布,南海的风速和波高分别以0.27 cm·s^-1/a和0.74 cm/a的速率显着增加。而渤海分别以-0.49 cm·s^-1/a和-0.85 cm/a的速率显著降低,黄海的变化率分别为-0.43 cm·s^-1/a和-0.79 cm/a。将中国近海风速和波高的年际变化分别与气候指数尼诺3.4进行相关分析,结果显示,冬季大部分海域的相关系数为负,而夏季在南海和东海海域则为正。     

城市边缘区人居环境与城市化关系研究——以大连市甘井子区为例

城市边缘区是城市地域结构的一个重要组成部分,是城市向乡村转化的过渡地带,也是土地与空间利用方式最富于变化的地域实体,其在城市化进程中最具经济、社会和环境的敏感性特征。城市人居环境是指在一定的地理系统背景下,进行着居住、工作、教育、卫生、娱乐等活动从而在城市立体式推进的过程中创造的环境。它是自然要素、人文要素和空间要素的统一体。首先,构建城市边缘区人居环境指标体系,利用层次分析法,得到边缘区人居环境的发展指数,然后,根据最近几年的数据对人居环境发展指数进行预测,最后,对边缘区人居环境发展和城市化之间的关系进行相关分析,利用回归模型可以对城市化水平进行预测研究。     

中国金矿矿床工业指标研究

现行的金矿矿床工业指标管理及现行规范推荐的一般工业指标都不尽合理,造成在资源储量估算过程中,不同的矿山企业为了不同目的而选用不同工业指标的现状。本文中,笔者分析了现行规范推荐的一般工业指标存在的主要问题,以及工业指标的行政管理文件的执行和现实工作中金矿工业指标的运用情况后,认为应及时解决金矿工业指标规范规定及行政管理规定中的问题,使相关规定既能符合金矿特点,又能切实可行。这必将对维护矿产资源国家所有权益、促进矿产资源节约和综合利用、提高矿政管理水平起到积极的作用。     

基于弹性能演化全过程的岩石脆性评价方法

脆性对岩石破裂模式及损伤演化过程具有重要影响。本文对采自某铁路隧道群的6种不同岩性的脆性岩石开展单轴压缩试验,在分析其应力-应变过程、破坏模式和能量演化特征的基础上,综合考量峰前弹性能积聚率、峰后能量耗散程度及耗散速率,建立一种基于岩石应力-应变曲线全过程的脆性指数计算方法,进一步基于能量耗散表征损伤变量,分析了脆性岩石损伤演化过程,并探讨了从损伤演化角度建立脆性评价指标的可行性和合理性。结果表明: (1)试验所采用的6种不同岩性岩石应力-应变曲线峰后段均表现出不同程度的脆性跌落现象。(2)基于本文建立的脆性指标对6种岩石进行脆性定量评价和比较,脆性程度由大到小依次为: 辉长岩、变质砂岩、石英片岩、粗粒花岗岩、板岩、大理岩。(3)单轴压缩条件下,基于能量耗散表征的脆性岩石损伤演化过程整体呈“S”型发展趋势,可分为初始损伤、损伤保持、损伤稳定发展、损伤加速发展以及损伤减缓至终止5个阶段,能够很好地反映岩石内部微裂纹压密闭合、萌生发育、扩展贯通直至宏观破坏的整个过程。     

走廊南山河流纵剖面高海拔裂点的成因

河流水力侵蚀物理模型表明基岩河道纵剖面在均衡状态时表现为平滑上凹的形态,其特征反映了构造、基岩抗侵蚀能力和气候的作用;然而自然界河道纵剖面多呈现以裂点为特征的不均衡形态,不均衡的剖面形态以及裂点的研究同样可以对外力作用的变化起到很好的指示作用。位于北祁连的走廊南山高海拔河道纵剖面普遍呈现不均衡形式且发育海拔较高的裂点。通过对裂点成因分析发现,这些裂点并不主要受控于岩性、气候、构造等因素,而反映了冰川作用遗留地形与河流地形的分界。这一结果说明在对河道纵剖面高海拔裂点进行分析时要考虑到古冰川遗留地形也会对现代河道纵剖面产生重要影响,为进一步认识和理解造山带地貌演化以及控制因素提供了思路。     

An evaluation of the Wellington Regional Genuine Progress Index

There is widespread discontent with the gross domestic product (GDP) as a measure of progress for society. Alternative measures have been proposed, including the genuine progress indicator (GPI). This paper examines the changing institutional arrangements and attitudinal context in the recently developed Wellington region (New Zealand) GPI. We found an alignment between the GPI framework and the Local Government Act. Despite this fit, we identified challenges, including the need to revitalise public participation through deliberative techniques. It remains too early to judge whether the GPI initiative will launch a viable alternative to the GDP for the Wellington region.     

ACMEG‐TS: A constitutive model for unsaturated soils under non‐isothermal conditions

This paper introduces an unconventional constitutive model for soils, which deals with a unified thermo‐mechanical modelling for unsaturated soils. The relevant temperature and suction effects are studied in light of elasto‐plasticity. A generalized effective stress framework is adopted, which includes a number of intrinsic thermo‐hydro‐mechanical connections, to represent the stress state in the soil. Two coupled constitutive aspects are used to fully describe the non‐isothermal behaviour. The mechanical constitutive part is built on the concepts of bounding surface theory and multi‐mechanism plasticity, whereas water retention characteristics are described using elasto‐plasticity to reproduce the hysteretic response and the effect of temperature and dry density on retention properties. The theoretical formulation is supported by comparisons with experimental results on two compacted clays. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Creep of saturated materials as a chemically enhanced rate‐dependent damage process

Material behaviour that exhibits characteristics of creep induced by a spontaneous mineral dissolution enhanced by material damage is studied. It is believed that the characteristic rates of the chemical processes involved determine the time‐rate dependence of the resulting strain. A basic model of a combined chemo‐plastic softening and chemically enhanced deviatoric strain hardening for saturated geomaterials is presented. Chemical softening is postulated to occur as a consequence of the net mass removal resulting from dissolution and precipitation of specific minerals occurring at the damage‐generated inter‐phase interfaces. Closed and open systems are discussed. In the former case, deformation at constant stress results entirely from a local compensation mechanism between the chemical softening and strain hardening. The classical three stages of creep are interpreted in terms of mechanisms of dissolution and precipitation, as well as the variation in the reaction surface areas involved in the mass exchange. In an open system, the above local mechanism is enhanced by the removal of mass via diffusion of species affecting the mass balance. Such a system is addressed via a boundary value problem as shown in an example. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Estimation of potential evapotranspiration over the Yellow River basin: reference crop evaporation or Shuttleworth–Wallace?

Potential evapotranspiration (PET) is a key input to hydrological models. Its estimation has often been via the Penman–Monteith (P–M) equation, most recently in the form of an estimate of reference evapotranspiration (RET) as recommended by FAO‐56. In this paper the Shuttleworth–Wallace (S–W) model is implemented to estimate PET directly in a form that recognizes vegetation diversity and temporal change without reference to experimental measurements and without calibration. The threshold values of vegetation parameters are drawn from the literature based on the International Geosphere–Biosphere Programme land cover classification. The spatial and temporal variation of the LAI of vegetation is derived from the composite NOAA‐AVHRR normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) using a method based on the SiB2 model, and the Climate Research Unit database is used to provide the required meteorological data. All these data inputs are publicly and globally available. Consequently, the implementation of the S–W model developed in this study is applicable at the global scale, an essential requirement if it is to be applied in data‐poor or ungauged large basins. A comparison is made between the FAO‐56 method and the S–W model when applied to the Yellow River basin for the whole of the last century. The resulting estimates of RET and PET and their association with vegetation types and leaf area index (LAI) are examined over the whole basin both annual and monthly and at six specific points. The effect of NDVI on the PET estimate is further evaluated by replacing the monthly NDVI product with the 10‐day product. Multiple regression relationships between monthly PET, RET, LAI, and climatic variables are explored for categories of vegetation types. The estimated RET is a good climatic index that adequately reflects the temporal change and spatial distribution of climate over the basin, but the PET estimated using the S–W model not only reflects the changes in climate, but also the vegetation distribution and the development of vegetation in response to climate. Although good statistical relationships can be established between PET, RET and/or climatic variables, applying these relationships likely will result in large errors because of the strong non‐linearity and scatter between the PET and the LAI of vegetation. It is concluded that use of the implementation of the S–W model described in this study results in a physically sound estimate of PET that accounts for changing land surface conditions. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.