POPCORN: A Field Study of Photochemistry in North-Eastern Germany

The intensive field study POPCORN (Photo-Oxidant Formation by Plant Emitted Compounds and OH Radicals in North-Eastern Germany) was carried out in a rural area of North-Eastern Germany during August 1994. An overview of the objectives, measurements and major results of this campaign is presented. Measurements of a set of relevant atmospheric trace compounds, including the hydroxyl radical, along with meteorological data were performed to increase the understanding of OH radical chemistry and photo-oxidant formation. Additionally, plant emissions and the exchange of trace gases between a maize field and the atmosphere were investigated. Budgets of selected trace gases were calculated to assess the relative importance of local sources, chemistry or transport. Intercomparisons between measurement techniques were a central issue of POPCORN and included measurements of OH, hydrocarbons, formaldehyde, photolysis frequencies and vertical fluxes. OH radical concentrations were measured simultaneously by LIF (Laser Induced Fluorescence) and DOAS (Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy). Both methods showed good agreement. Maximum OH concentrations were around 107 cm–3 and the diurnal cycles closely followed the rate of primary production via ozone photolysis. Generally, the trace gas composition during POPCORN was characterized by relatively low concentrations of most compounds, e.g. CO: 85–200 ppb, ethane: 0.6–2 ppb, and moderate NOx levels: 0.5–5 ppb (at noontime). Concentrations of individual biogenic volatile organic compounds (VOC) were mostly well below 100 ppt. However, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde which partly originate from biological sources were observed at mixing ratios of some ppb.     

利用真彩航空影像进行城市绿化面积的分类研究

本文以真彩航空影像为基础 ,比较了自动分类与人工分类在城市绿地面积提取中的相同与不同之处 ,对自动分类在城市绿地面积提取中的可行性与可靠性作了讨论并在实践中得到应用     

影像地图集中色彩与符号设计的研究与实践

遥感技术的发展为地图制作提供了丰富多样的信息源,使地图从形式到内容都发生了全新的变化。影像地图已成为一种新型的地图品种,但影像地图的设计还面临着一些新的技术难题。结合影像地图集的编制,对影像地图集设计中两个关键技术,色彩设计与符号设计进行了研究实践,为影像地图集的设计制作提供理论和技术方法借鉴。     

RTK技术在高速公路像片控制测量中的应用

通过RTK技术在诸永高速公路1∶2000像片控制测量中的应用,介绍了RTK测量在带状测区基准转换参数的求解方法及RTK测量成果的精度检验等情况。结果表明,RTK测量不仅能够满足1∶2000像片控制测量精度要求,而且可以大幅度提高作业效率,尤其在交通和通视困难地区更具明显优势。即使在山区和高山区,只要采取有效措施,RTK测量同样能取得比较高的精度。     

GPS高程拟合方法在长白山区的应用探讨

根据长白山无人区1∶10000像片控制测量实例,说明利用GPS测量速度快、点间无须通视、迁站方便、测量大地高相对精度较高的特点.采用GPS高程拟合方法,通过高程异常值求解像片控制点的正常高,解决了山区像片控制点的高程测量难题.     

一种基于Harris与RANSAC算法的图像拼接软件研发

图像拼接技术在科研和工程中应用广泛,本文基于Harris与RANSAC算法设计开发了一款图像拼接软件,包括兴趣点检测、特征匹配、精确匹配、图像拼接等主要功能模块,并以普通照片、无人机影像和全景照片为例开展了该软件的应用试验,结果表明:基于Harris与RANSAC算法的图像拼接方法能够较好地实现对普通照片、无人机影像以及全景照片的无缝拼接,该软件简单易用、可靠性强。     

Prevalence of the terrain reversal effect in satellite imagery

The terrain reversal effect is a perceptual phenomenon which causes an illusion in various 3D geographic visualizations where landforms appear inverted, e.g. we perceive valleys as ridges and vice versa. Given that such displays are important for spatio-visual analysis, this illusion can lead to critical mistakes in interpreting the terrain. However, it is currently undocumented how commonly this effect is experienced. In this paper, we study the prevalence of the terrain reversal effect in satellite imagery through a two-stage online user experiment. The experiment was conducted with the participation of a diverse and relatively large population (n = 535). Participants were asked to identify landforms (valley or ridge?) or judge a 3D spatial relationship (is A higher than B?). When the images were rotated by 180°, the results were reversed. In a control task with ‘illusion-free’ original images, people were successful in identifying landforms, yet a very strong illusion occurred when these images were rotated 180°. Our findings demonstrate that the illusion is acutely present; thus, we need a better understanding of the problem and its solutions. Additionally, the results caution us that in an interactive environment where people can rotate the display, we might be introducing a severe perceptual problem.     

Circulation and mixing in Lake Rotongaio and Lake Okaro under conditions of light to moderate winds: Preliminary results

I report on a group of orca (Orcinus orca (Linnaeus, 1758)) near the Bay of Islands, New Zealand, which were a lighter coloration than orca usually seen in these waters. Differences in pigmentation included a light grey caudal peduncle area and a dorsal cape, which has previously only been described for Antarctic orca. The size and shape of the eye patches were not consistent with orca photo‐identified in New Zealand. I suggest that this group of orca, although observed in New Zealand waters, were of Antarctic origin.     

化能自养型微生物利用太阳能途径的实验研究

针对自然界中天然半导体矿物和化能自养微生物之间的能量交换途径进行了详细的实验研究.半导体光电化学实验结果显示,天然半导体矿物在光照情况下产生的光生电子可将Fe3+还原为Fe2+,其中金红石光催化还原Fe3+的效率为12.5%,闪锌矿为7.86%,该过程通过天然半导体矿物的日光催化作用实现了太阳光能→电能→化学能的转化;控制电势的微生物电化学反应实验结果显示,化能自养型微生物A.f.菌的细胞增加量与外界电子传入而生成的Fe2+的量呈线性关系,且有外来电子传入实验组的A.f.生长量是无电子传入组的441%,该过程通过菌的生长代谢作用实现了化学能→生物质能的转化.进一步的光电化学和微生物电化学耦合实验结果证明,在太阳光和天然半导体矿物共同作用下,A.f.菌的对数生长期由无光时的36 h延长到72 h,同时细菌的生长在该能量转化过程中得到了明显促进.在天然闪锌矿催化条件下,有光条件的A.f.菌数量增加到无光条件的1.90倍;而在金红石催化条件下,有光条件的A.f.菌数量增加到无光条件的1.69倍.实验结果说明,在以天然半导体矿物为媒介的情况下,化能自养微生物可间接利用太阳能来获得自身的生长繁殖所需的能量,这一过程也实现了太阳光能→电能→化学能→生物质能的能量转化途径.     

基于近景数字摄影测量的飞机表面模型重建

介绍了数字近景摄影测量在重建飞机三维表面模型中的应用方法。根据飞机表面的特征,结合摄影测量方法的特点,总结出包括拍摄计划制定、外业测量、内业处理的一套处理方法:根据飞机外形特征,划分适于拍摄和后期处理的拍摄带;在机身和地面布置一定数目的控制点作为对拍摄像片的控制;利用数字近景摄影测量中影像匹配、相对定向、绝对定向以及光束法平差等一系列方法的综合运用,解算拍摄像片的外方位元素;对飞机机身分块处理,以三角网为基础重建飞机完整的三维表面模型。