移动测量系统误差整体模型推导与精度分析

移动测量系统获取点云的精度,不仅取决于各子系统的精度,同时取决于子系统之间的关系参数的质量,也就是激光扫描仪、GPS、INS惯导单元之间的关系参数。文中从获取点云坐标的原理入手,分析推导系统误差整体模型,进行精度分析。最后利用模型分析实测数据,并将计算得到的理论精度结果与检校的实测精度进行比较。     

Designing a regional nitrogen cycle module of grassland for the IAP-N model

Assessment of the nitrogen (N) balance and its long-term trend is necessary for management practices because of the negative environmental effects caused by an imbalance of reactive N in grassland ecosystems. In this study, we designed a module for the IAP-N (Improving Anthropogenic Practices of managing reactive Nitrogen) model to enable it to assess the N budget of regional grasslands. The module was developed to quantify the individual components of the N inputs and outputs for grassland ecosystems using livestock and human populations, grassland area, and fossil-energy consumption data as the model inputs. In this paper, the estimation approaches for individual components of N budget, data acquisition, and parameter selection are described in detail. The model was applied to assess the N budget of Inner Mongolia in 2006 at the county scale. The simulation results show that the most important pathway of N outputs from the grassland was livestock intake. The N output from livestock intake was especially large in the middle of Inner Mongolia. Biological fixation, atmospheric deposition, and livestock excreta deposition were comparably important for the N inputs into the grassland. The N budget for Inner Mongolia grassland in 2006 was -1.7×10 8 ±0.6×10 8 kg. The case study for Inner Mongolia shows that the new grassland module for the IAP-N model can capture the characteristics of the N budget in a semiarid grassland.     

2008年夏季风期间西沙海域海-气通量交换及热量收支

2008年4—10月在中国南海西沙永兴岛近海进行了第4次海-气通量观测试验,获得了整个夏季风期间近海面层湍流脉动量及辐射、表层水温、波浪及距水面3.5、7.0、10.5m高度温、湿、风梯度观测资料,根据涡动相关法和COARE3.0法计算结果研究了2008年南海西南季风爆发、发展、中断、衰退包括暴雨、台风、冷空气影响等天气过程中海-气通量交换和热量收支变化。结果表明:(1)季风爆发前的晴天太阳总辐射强,而海洋失热量较小,热量净收支为较大正值,海面温度迅速升高。季风爆发期太阳总辐射仍然较强,大气长波辐射也有所增强,而海面长波辐射变化很小,故海面净辐射收支仍为正值;(2)季风活跃期特别是降水阶段感热通量增大,季风中断阶段变小;季风活跃期虽然潜热通量增大,由于太阳短波辐射没有减少,海洋净热量收支稍有盈余;中断阶段潜热通量、感热通量减少,海洋吸热大于季风活跃期;降水阶段由于太阳短波辐射减小,感热通量增大,海洋热量收支出现较大负值,海面温度很快降低。季风衰退期风力减弱,湿度减小,潜热通量减小,海洋热量收入又出现较大正值,海面温度回升;(3)台风影响过程中潜热通量随着风速增强迅速增大;感热通量因降水情况不同而有差异,晴天时减小,大雨时剧烈增大;由于太阳短波辐射减少、潜热通量剧增,海洋热量净收支出现负值,促使海面温度迅速降低;(4)动量通量主要与海表面风速有关;动量通量τ与风速V的关系可以表示为τ=0.00171v~2-0.003809v+0.02213。     

承德春玉米需水量变化及其与气象因子的关系

利用1961—2009年气象资料和发育期资料,采用FAO的Penman-Monteith公式计算春玉米生育期内逐日需水量,研究承德春玉米需水量、水分盈亏的年内、年际变化规律,分析气象因子对春玉米需水量的影响。结果表明：承德春玉米生育期平均需水总量、水分盈亏分别为522.5 mm和69.4 mm。在生育期内,春玉米逐日需水量的变化规律表现为先缓慢增加后减小;春玉米需水量与气象因子密切相关。     

青藏高原草地生态系统碳收支研究进展

陆地生态系统碳收支仍然是当前全球气候变化研究的重要内容,青藏高原作为全球气候变化的敏感区,使青藏高原草地生态系统在区域碳收支平衡中占有主导地位,但研究方法等不同使得碳收支估算结果存在很大的不确定性。气候变暖在一定程度上提高了高寒草地生态系统的植被初级生产力和生物量,由此补偿了气候变暖导致的土壤有机碳分解释量,使青藏高原草地植被仍然发挥着碳汇的功能。而人类放牧活动对草地生态系统的影响较为复杂。因此,如何区分气候变化和人类活动对生态系统的影响机制,定量评价未来气候变化和人类活动影响下,青藏高原生态系统碳源/汇格局的可能变化,是一个非常重要的研究方向,也是一个极大的挑战。     

碱熔融-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定高硫铝土矿中的硫

应用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES)测定高硫铝土矿(硫含量≤8%)中的硫时,由于硫存在-2、+4和+6等多种价态,常用的酸溶法和碱熔法处理高硫铝土矿时往往无法完全氧化硫而导致硫测定结果偏低。本文用过氧化钠熔融、热水浸取和盐酸酸化提取高硫铝土矿中的硫,使用基体匹配法绘制校准曲线补偿铝和钠对硫测定的光谱干扰,以S182.034 nm(184 nm)作为分析谱线,采用ICP-OES对硫进行测定。结果表明:3 g过氧化钠在700℃下熔融10 min,可以较好地氧化高硫铝土矿中的硫;校准曲线的线性相关系数为0.9999,方法检出限为0.025μg/m L,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)小于5%;与碳硫仪的测定结果相比较,两种方法无显著性差异。本方法溶样彻底,无样品损失,为今后实现应用ICP-OES同时测定高硫铝土矿中的硫和其他元素奠定了基础。     

Evaluation of alternative conceptual models for groundwater modelling

This study evaluates the alternative conceptual models for groundwater modelling. A true model was created with a synthetic alluvial fan-plain hydrogeological framework. Various alternative conceptual models were evaluated for groundwater flow simulations. The first alternative model is a single aquifer layer model; the second alternative model is a 3-layer aquifer model; and the third model is a 5-layer model consisting of 3 aquifers separated by 2 aquitards. All models could fit very well to the observations with optimized values of hydraulic conductivities. However, the single aquifer layer model can only compute water balance components with good accuracy. The 3-layer aquifer model can be used for water balance computation and groundwater head simulation with small errors. The 5-layer model is capable of simulating water budget, groundwater head distribution and travel times with high accuracy. Multi-model analysis found only the 3rd alternative model superior.     

Coastal Reclamation and Saltmarsh Carbon Budget: Advances and Prospects

As an important carbon pool and fragile eco-system of earth system, more and more coastal saltmarshes have been reclaimed for releasing population pressure and promoting food safety and economic development, especially in developing countries. During reclamation, original soil carbon cycling pattern and pathway in saltmarshs would be changed, which furthermore could change global carbon budget. In this study, a great amounts of literature and data were summerized to generalize the changes of soil organic carbon, carbon sequestration rate and carbon flux in three main kinds of saltmarshes (Mangrove saltmarsh, Estuary saltmarsh and coastal saltmarsh) during reclamation. The results are as shown: ①The conclusions collected from Europe and America are not suitable to eastern Asia’s coast and more attention should be paid to eastern Asia’s coastal reclamation; ②Mangrove saltmarshes have higher Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) and carbon sequestration rate, followed by estuary saltmarshes and coastal saltmarshes. Soil clay, aggregate, burial rate usually have positive effect on SOC sequestration in coastal areas. Flood frequency, salinity and underground water level generally have negative effect on it. After reclamation, coastal SOC first shows a decrease followed by an increase. Nearly 30 years of reclamation is the turning point where paddy fields can significantly promote SOC; ③CH₄ and CO₂ are the main ways of carbon emission in coastal areas of which CO₂ flux usually is the largest. Mangrove saltmarshes’ carbon emissions are the highest. In natural sites, the carbon emissions in Spartina alterniflora Loisel. and Phragmites australis are higher than those in bare flat areas. Carbon fluxes in flood tide usually are lower than those in other periods. Otherwise, carbon fluxes in natural saltmarshes are far lower than those in reclamation zones, especially upland tillage zones. The results acquired from field monitoring, saltmarshes are the carbon sinks and become the carbon sources when reclamation activities happen. Finally, three main aspects of coastal study were given as follows: much more attention should be paid to carbon budget inventory in saltmarshes; the effect of reclamation activity (i.e., anthropogenic activity, tillage practice, land use, etc.) on carbon cycling in ocean-inland system; the study of land use and reclamation process simulation and its impact on carbon cycling in coastal zone should be strengthened.     

EFFECTS OF WATERSHED MANAGEMENT ON THE REDUCTION OF SEDIMENT AND RUNOFF IN THE JIALING RIVER,CHINA

The Three Gorges Project is one of the largest hydro-projects in the world and has drawn many debates inside China and abroad. The major concern is that sediment load from the river basin may eventually fail the functions of the project for flood control and power generation. To reduce sedimentation in the reservoir, watershed management has been adopted. However, there is limited information regarding the effectiveness of various control measures such as terracing and afforestation on a watershed scale. The Jialing River, a main tributary of the Yangtze River, contributes approximately 25% of the total sediment load in the main river but only represents 8% of the whole basin area. There have been various land use patterns and extensive human activities for thousands of years in the Jialing River watershed. Based on analysis of the major factors affecting erosion in the Jialing River watershed, the main watershed management strategies (afforestation, farming and engineering practice) are illustrated, and their effects on the reduction of sediment and runoff are studied in detail. The sediment budget of the watershed shows that 1/3 of the sediment yield is trapped by the erosion control measures (afforestation and farming) on the slope, 1/3 is trapped by the reservoirs, ponds and dams within the watershed, and only about 1/3 is transported into the Yangtze River, which will affect the Three Gorges Project.     

污染河水中磷对浅层地下水的影响

室内试验选用3种天然砂土作为渗透介质,以生活污水模拟排污河水,发现中砂(＞92%)对总磷的去除效果明显好于粗砂(60%～80%),并且随渗透介质深度的增加总磷的去除率增加.磷的去除机理主要是吸附和沉淀,由于吸附作用很快达到饱和,所以沉淀反应是排污河中磷的最重要的去除机理.野外抽水的试验结果表明:凉水河中的总磷对地下水影响较小.虽然在排污河形成早期总磷在粗砂中会产生穿透,但随着时间的推移,由于河流底泥的形成,磷大部分被截留于底泥和介质内部,能够直接进入地下水的量很少.