西北干旱区空中水资源的时空变化特征及其原因分析

利用1979—2008年NCEP/NCAR月平均再分析资料,从大气可降水量、水汽输送及收支等方面分析西北干旱区空中水资源的时空变化特征,并揭示其主要原因。研究表明,1979—2008年西北干旱区整层年水汽含量略呈增加趋势,而夏季水汽总收入呈现显著增加趋势。区域空中水资源的变化与中纬度西风水汽输送密切相关。尽管区域西风指数的年代际减弱反映了西北干旱区东、西边界西风水汽输送的减弱趋势;但受区域特殊地形的影响,区域东边界水汽收支的减弱趋势远强于西边界,使得大量的水汽滞留于西北干旱区,从而导致该区域夏季水汽总收入呈现增加趋势。     

大连湾沉积物-水界面BAP 交换通量的影响因素

利用实验室培养法研究了不同因素对大连湾沉积物-水界面间生物可利用磷(BAP)交换通量的影响,并利用实验室培养法和间隙水浓度梯度法估算了大连湾已疏浚区和疏浚点邻近海域沉积物-水界面BAP的交换通量.结果表明,随着上覆水pH和温度的增加,BAP由沉积物向水体释放量逐渐增加;灭菌和贫氧条件下,也会导致沉积物BAP的释放量增加;上覆水中磷酸盐浓度的升高会导致BAP由沉积物向水体释放通量降低,且随着上覆水磷酸盐浓度的不断升高,BAP逐渐转化为由水体向沉积物中扩散.实验室培养法和间隙水浓度梯度法测定结果均显示,受到疏浚工程的影响,大连湾疏浚点邻近海域沉积物-水界面BAP的年均通量大于已疏浚区.不同季节,大连湾沉积物-水界面BAP的交换通量有所不同,表现为夏季最高,冬季最低.但由于受疏浚活动的影响,冬季疏浚点邻近海域沉积物-水界面BAP的交换通量也维持在较高水平.     

Water quality, nutrient budget, and pollutant loads in Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) farms around East Taihu Lake

To understand the factors causing frequent outbreaks of harmful algae blooms in the Taihu Lake, China, we studied water quality and nutrient budget in Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) farm ponds in the eastern part of the lake from November 2007 to December 2009. We estimated the nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) loads. Materials input and output ponds, water exchange, and applied management practices of 838.5-hm2 crab ponds were surveyed using questionnaires. Water quality of 12 ponds, which were located no more than 2 km from East Taihu Lake, were monitored. The results show that water quality in the crab ponds was better than reference data. Feeds, including corn seed, commercial feed, trash fish, and gastropod, were the major sources of N and P input in the crab ponds, contributing 88.7% and 94.9%, respectively. In total, 60.5% of N and 37.3% of P were sequestered by macrophytes, and only 15.7% and 8.5% of them were discharged as effluent. The net loads of N and P in effluent were 16.43 kg/hm2/cycle and 2.16 kg/hm2/cycle, respectively, while the COD load was -17.88 kg/hm2/cycle. This indicated that crab farming caused minor negative impact on the trophic status of the lake area, which was attenuated by macrophytes. However, wastewater purification is still necessary in crab faming.     

Nitrogen budget in the Changjiang River drainage area

We established a budget model of nitrogen (N) inputs and outputs between watersheds and waterbodies to determine the sources of riverine N in the Changjiang (Yangtze) River drainage area. Nitrogen inputs in the budget included N from synthetic fertilizer, biological fixation by leguminous and other crops, wet/dry atmospheric deposition, excreta from humans and animals, and crop residues. The total N input was estimated to be 17.6 Tg, of which 20% or 3.5 Tg N was transported into waterbodies. Of the total N transported into waterbodies, the largest proportion was N from animal waste (26%), followed by N from atmospheric wet/dry deposition (25%), synthetic fertilizer N (17%), N in sewage wastes (17%), N in human waste from rural areas (6%) and industrial wastewater N (9%). We studied the spatial patterns of N inputs and outputs by dividing the Changjiang River drainage area into four sub-basins, from upstream to downstream: the Tongtian River drainage area (TTD, the headwater drainage area, 138 000 km 2 , less disturbed by human activities); the Jinsha River drainage area (JSD, 347 000 km 2 , less disturbed by human activities, approx. 3 500 km upstream of the Changjiang estuary); the Pingshan-Yichang drainage area (PYD, 520 500 km 2 , large-scale human disturbance, about 2 000 km upstream of the Changjiang estuary); and the Yichang-Datong drainage area (YDD, 699 900 km 2 , large-scale human disturbance, approx. 620 km upstream of the Changjiang estuary). The average N input into waterbodies was 2.3, 7.3, 24.1, and 28.2 kg N/ha in the TTD, JSD, PYD, and YDD sub-basins, respectively, suggesting an increase of N-components of more than 10 times from upstream to downstream areas.     

Patterns of spatial variation of nutrient content,epiphyte load and shoot size of Posidonia oceanica seagrass meadows (Mediterranean Sea)

Knowledge of patterns of spatial variability of vegetative development, epiphyte load and nutrient availability in seagrass meadows is essential for the adequate design of research and environmental monitoring programmes. Differences in shoot size, epiphyte load and nutrient content of leaves and epiphytes of the Mediterranean endemic seagrass Posidonia oceanica at spatial scales ranging from metres to hundreds of metres are evaluated using a hierarchical nested sampling design. The size and epiphyte load of P. oceanica shoots and the nitrogen and phosphorus content of leaves and epiphytes were different in most of the spatial scales considered. Sampling efforts concentrated at the metre scale incorporated most of the variability in size, epiphyte load and nutrient content of the leaves and epiphytes of P. oceanica shoots. Epiphyte load showed no correlation with nutrient content in the epiphytes or in the leaves. However, epiphyte load and shoot size were negatively correlated, which suggests that light penetration in the canopy may be a main determinant of epiphyte load.     

Nutrients and organic matter in the surface sediment of a submerged macrophyte zone in a eutrophic lake:Implications for lake management

Little is known about the distribution and risk levels of nutrients and organic matter(OM) in the surface sediment of shallow submerged macrophyte-dominated lakes. In the current study, sixty surface sediment samples were collected from Xukou Bay, a typical submerged macrophyte-dominated zone in Lake Taihu, China. A 60-day degradation experiment of Potamogeton malaianus, a dominant species in the bay,was done in the laboratory. The results demonstrated that the ranges of total nitrogen(TN) and t...     

金雕巢期行为谱及时间分配

2010年7～9月、2011年4～9月、2012年7月,采用焦点动物取样法,累计对新疆西北部别珍套山和阿拉套山巢期的5对金雕（Aquila chrysaetos）及其雏鸟观测89 d,行为记录911 h。制成金雕的行为谱,将各行为分为12类46种,并进行了相关描述。依据巢期的不同阶段（孵化期和育雏期）统计出各行为的时间分配：孵化期,亲鸟行为以孵卵为主（95.28%）;育雏期,亲鸟的各行为时间分配依次为,离巢（77.81%）、护幼（18.5%）、喂食（2.64%）、警戒（1.05%）,在育雏期的前（0～3周）、中（3～6周）、后（6-雏鸟离巢）阶段,护幼、喂食、离巢的时间分配差异极其显著（p<0.01）。雏鸟各行为时间分配依次为,休息（68.73%）、警戒（21.41%）、取食（5.56%）、运动（4.28%）、保养（1.02%）。育雏期的前、中、后阶段,雏鸟的休息、警戒和运动行为的时间分配差异极其显著（p<0.01）。行为时间分配的差异,主要受不同阶段金雕能量需求、身体发育状况的影响。     

施肥对荒漠化草原草本植物种群密度和生物量的影响

通过外源施加N肥、P肥和N-P混合肥的试验,研究了荒漠化草原草本植物种群密度和生物量对不同肥料的响应,3种肥料均设置了0(对照)、5、10 g·m-2和20 g·m-2 4个投加水平。一年的研究结果表明：种群密度在3种肥料作用下均随着施肥水平的增大呈现逐渐降低的趋势,尤其是在高的N肥（20 g·m-2）处理下,优势种草本植物茵陈蒿（Artemisia capillaris）、多根葱（Allium polyrhizum）和冠芒草（Enneapogon brachystachyus）的密度及总密度均显著低于对照（p<0.05）;地上部及根部生物量在3种肥料处理下的响应同种群密度,即地上和根部生物量均随着施肥水平的增大而减小,其中,3种优势种草本植物的地上部生物量及总的地上部生物量随着施肥水平的增大均呈现出显著的负相关的关系,其决定系数（R2）均在0.80以上。可见,在荒漠区较低的降水条件下（年降水<180 mm）,施肥会抑制荒漠草本植物的种群密度和生物量,且其抑制作用与肥料种类无关。     

Alluvial and colluvial sediment storage in the Geul River catchment (The Netherlands) — Combining field and modelling data to construct a Late Holocene sediment budget

We used a combined approach of a two-dimensional erosion and hillslope sediment delivery model (WATEM/SEDEM) and detailed geomorphological reconstructions to quantify the different components in a sediment budget for the Geul River catchment (southern Netherlands) since the High Middle Ages. Hillslope erosion and colluvium deposition were calculated using the model, while floodplain storage was estimated using field data. Our results show that more than 80% of the total sediment production in the catchment has been stored as colluvium (mostly generated by hillslope erosion), while almost 13% is stored in the floodplain since the High Middle Ages (this situation resembles a capacity-limited system). Model results for the period prior to the High Middle Ages (with a nearly completely forested catchment) show that far less sediment was generated and that most of the sediments were directly transported to the main river valleys or out of the catchment (a supply-limited system). Geomorphological analysis of a large alluvial fan shows the sensitivity of the study area to changes in the percentage of arable land.Our combined field data-modeling study presents an elegant method to calculate a catchment sediment budget for a longer period and is able to identify and quantify the most important sediment storage elements. Furthermore, it provides a valuable tool to calculate a sediment budget while only limited dated fluvial sediment sequences are available.     

污水人工湿地处理对滨海生态系统修复研究进展

我国滨海生态系统受到水污染和生态破坏的双重压力。滨海区污水人工湿地处理既能有效去除BOD、氮磷等污染物,又能通过形成淡水帷幕控制海水入侵危害,实现了中水资源的综合利用和滨海生态系统的生态修复。