盐城潮滩湿地对N、P营养物质的截留效应研究

研究了盐城潮滩芦苇（Phragmites australis）、盐蒿（Artemisia schrenkiana）、互花米草（Spartina alterniflora）和淤泥光滩4种湿地对N、P营养物质的截留效应.在所选取的4种湿地中,分别采集了水、土壤和生物样;水样的总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）用过硫酸氧化还原法测定,土壤和生物样的TN、TP分别用凯氏定N法和钼锑抗比色法测定.研究结果显示,不同污染程度的水源灌溉下的芦苇湿地,其截留N、P的效果差异显著.其中,黄沙港不定期污水灌溉的芦苇湿地每年平均可截留TN 0.095 t/hm^2、TP 0.026 t/hm^2;而采取三灌三排方式用河水灌溉的新洋港芦苇湿地每年可分别截留TN 0.030 t/hm^2、TP 0.001 t/hm^2.比较盐蒿、互花米草和淤泥光滩3种湿地每年对湿地水中N、P的截留效果,淤泥光滩的效果最差,仅截留TN 0.385 kg/hm^2、TP 0.042 kg/hm^2;互花米草效果最好,分别截留TN 220.660 kg/hm^2、TP 36.754 kg/hm^2.尽管互花米草生物量大于芦苇,但其截留效果仍低于芦苇湿地（芦苇1 a收割1次）.     

Study of colloidal phosphorus variation in estuary with salinity

The variation of colloidal phosphorus with salinity in estuary was studied in this paper, which was compared with those of particle and truly dissolved phosphorus with the purpose of ˉnding out the similarities and di?erences between their behaviors in the estuary. Distribution patterns of phospho- rus in particle, colloidal and truly dissolved phase at di?erent salinities and their relationships with suspended particulate matter were also studied to understand the transformation and transporta- tion of colloidal phosphorus in estuarine area. The result showed that the concentrations of total colloidal phosphorus, organic colloidal phosphorus and inorganic colloidall phosphate all descended from river-end to sea-end, illustrating their terrigenous source. Ratios of organic to total colloidal phosphorus decreased with salinity's increment, indicating that organic phosphorus was in°uenced by scavenging process of colloid more signiˉcantly as compared with inorganic phosphate. Both of the phosphorus variation tendencies and the proportion between organic and inorganic phosphorus in colloidal phase was similar with that in truly dissolved phase while di?erent from that in particle phase.     

1980年以来太湖总磷变化特征及其驱动因子分析

磷是湖泊生态系统物质和能量循环的重要组成部分,是湖泊富营养化防治的重要控制性指标.为分析太湖富营养化与人类活动的关系,掌握总磷(TP)的时空变化规律及驱动因子,本文收集整理了1980-2020年太湖TP浓度数据并分析了TP的时序、时空和年内变化特征.结果 表明,1980s经济社会快速发展之初,伴随着工业和三产用水量激增...     

长江流域水分收支以及再分析资料可用性分析

首先利用实测资料定量计算了长江流域水分收支的各分量,包括降水、径流、蒸发、水汽辐合等,分析其季节循环、年际变化以及线性趋势变化。结果表明,多年平均该流域是水汽汇区,主要来自平均流输送造成的水汽辐合,而与天气过程密切相关的瞬变波则主要造成流域的水汽辐散。蒸发所占比例接近于径流,对流域水分循环十分重要。大部分要素的季节变化和年际变化都很大,只有蒸发和大气含水量的年际变化较小。降水和平均流输送造成的水汽辐合一般在6月达到年内最大,12月达到年内最小,而径流和大气含水量则一般滞后1个月于7月达到年内最大,1月降为年内最小。1958—1983年,夏半年降水略微增加,冬半年略微减少,各月实测径流为弱的增长趋势,但均不显著,年平均蒸发亦无显著的趋势变化。然后将实测资料同ECMWF及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料作进一步对比分析,以检验两套再分析资料对长江流域水分循环的描述能力。在量值上,NCEP/NCAR再分析资料中的降水、蒸发、径流均比实测偏大很多,大气含水量及由平均流输送所造成的水汽辐合则偏小很多;ECMWF再分析资料中的降水量、径流量基本上与实测接近,蒸发量偏大,大气含水量及由平均流输送所造成的水汽辐合偏小,但比NCEP/NCAR再分析资料要接近实测。另外,该两套再分析资料均可以较好地描述长江流域水分收支的季节循环和年际变化,而且同样是ECMWF再分析资料与实测资料的一致性更好。但是两套再分析资料在1958—1983年均存在十分夸张的线性趋势变化,尤其是ECMWF再分析资料。     

哈密市三次暴雨过程水汽特征对比分析

利用常规观测、区域自动站逐小时降水、NCEP/NCAR和GDAS再分析等资料,对比分析了2018－2019年哈密市三次暴雨过程的环流背景、水汽输送、辐合（辐散）和水汽收支等特征。结果表明：三次暴雨过程均发生在巴尔喀什湖地区有低涡、蒙古地区有高压脊的环流背景下,当对流层高层南亚高压中心东移且东部中心强度增强、中亚西风槽前存在强西南急流,对流层中层欧洲高压脊偏强、低涡偏南、西太副高偏西偏北时,有利于暴雨落区偏南、降水强度强,反之暴雨落区偏北、降水偏弱。三次暴雨过程水汽源地、水汽输送路径及水汽贡献有所差异,水汽源地的多源性和源地水汽贡献量的多少会对哈密市降雨的强弱有一定的影响。对流层中低层蒙古的反气旋有利于暖湿空汽沿着河西走廊的偏东急流输送至暴雨区,有利于暴雨的增幅。三次过程不同边界水汽收支量有所差异,东边界的低层和西边界的中高层为水汽的主要输入边界。强降水区各边界水汽净流入的强度、维持时间以及水汽的辐合强度对强降水的发展和维持起关键作用。     

高效净化氮磷污水的湿地水生植物筛选与组合

抚仙湖流域未进行生态修复的磷矿废弃地面积142×10^4m^2,对磷矿废弃地污染物流失量和区域内径流污染物含量进行调查观测,并提出磷矿废弃地水污染防治对策．富磷矿石剖面和堆土场在风化作用和降雨淋溶作用下,大量氟、磷等元素释放,造成磷矿区内地表径流和地下渗流污染结合实测的磷矿废弃地面积和土柱淋溶实验得到的污染物淋溶量,估算得到磷矿废弃地每年F和TP的淋溶流失量为60．65t／a和2734t／a,随地表径流迁移进入抚仙湖的F和TP分别为22．58t／a和7．27t／a由此可见,磷矿开采是抚仙湖的一个持久污染源,对湖泊营养化演变进程起了推动作用。     

粤东大规模海水增养殖区柘林湾表层沉积物中的含水量、有机质、氮和磷

柘林湾是粤东地区规模最大的海水增养殖区,近20年来水体富营养化情况日益加重,赤潮频繁发生。2002年7月至2003年7月对该湾9个站位表层沉积物中的含水量(W)、有机质(TOM)和不同形态的氮(TkN,NH₄+)与磷(Ex-P,Fe-P,Au-P,De-P,OP)进行每月一次的周年调查。结果显示,表层沉积物中的含水量和有机质及不同形态的氮、磷均呈现极显著意义的正相关关系,今后可用含水量直接对这些指标进行粗略估算。有机质与氮、磷呈显著意义的正相关关系,表明有机质是影响氮、磷含量和分布的重要因素之一。凯氏氮(TkN)和总磷(TP)的总平均值分别为(1113.1±382.5)μg/g和(567.2±223.3)μg/g,显著高于国内外许多同类型的海湾。各形态氮、磷含量年均值的平面分布呈现湾内(除S1,S7站外)高于湾外、养殖区高于非养殖区、网箱渔排养殖区高于牡蛎养殖区的总体趋势,说明湾内大规模增养殖业对海湾富营养化进程起着重要的作用。各形态氮、磷含量均于盛夏至初秋的高温季节(7-9月)处于年度峰值,这与该季节养殖动物处于生长旺期与高死亡率所造成的生物碎屑增多和有机质分解加速有关。与2002年7月相比,2003年7月的TkN和TP均出现大幅升高,与水体富营养化程度不断加重的趋势相符。此外,自生磷(Au-P)年平均占TP的49.2%,是该湾沉积物中最主要的磷形态。由于水体富营养化能导致沉积物的pH降低,继而促进Au-P中的自生钙氟磷灰石和碳酸钙所结合的磷释放进入水体,因而表层沉积物中高浓度的Au-P可能成为此类海湾富营养化水平加剧和赤潮大规模暴发加剧的隐患。     

Reservoirs are hotspots of nitrogen cycling in peatland catchments

This study presents input–output budgets of total dissolved nitrogen (TDN), dissolved organic N (DON) and dissolved inorganic N (DIN) for a reservoir in a peatland catchment in the south Pennines (UK). This site receives high levels of atmospheric inorganic N deposition, in the range of 26 kg N ha^?1 yr^?1. The results show that the reservoir retains ~21 to 31% of the annual TDN input (8806 ± 741 kg N). Approximately 39 to 55% of DON (3782 ± 653 kg N) and 6 to 13% of DIN (5024 ± 349 kg N) were retained/processed. A long water retention time (104 days), average annual pH of 6.5, high concentrations of DIN in the reservoir water and a deep water column suggest that denitrification is potentially a key mechanism of N retention/removal. The results also demonstrate that DON is potentially photodegraded and utilized within the reservoir, particularly during the summer season when 58 to 80% of DON input (682 ± 241 kg N) was retained, and a net export of DIN (~34 kg N) was observed. The findings therefore suggest that DON may play a more crucial role in the biogeochemistry of peat‐dominated acid sensitive upland freshwater systems than previously thought. Reservoirs, impoundments and large lakes in peatland catchments may be important sites in mediating downstream N transport and speciation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Topsoil delivery to Himalayan rivers: the importance of sampling time

Estimates of the amount of topsoil in river sediments can help constrain sediment budgets on decadal time scales. The tracers ¹³⁷Cs and ²¹⁰Pb(ex) are used to determine the proportion of topsoil in river sediments in two Himalayan catchments, a relatively simple but effective method that could be used in many catchments in this complex mountain range for management purposes. Different results are reached, apparently depending upon antecedent conditions, with a large component of topsoil in river sediments likely to be the result of rainfall that erodes hillslopes by sheet and rill processes, does not mobilize or mix with other sources of sediment such as from landslides, and does not generate high river flows to transport the topsoil downstream. These results show that sampling of tracers in sedimentary archives is essential to provide time series of topsoil input to Himalayan rivers to account for high temporal variability. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Trickle or treat: The dynamics of nutrient export from polar glaciers

Cold‐based polar glacier watersheds contain well‐defined supraglacial, ice‐marginal, and proglacial elements that differ in their degree of hydrologic connectivity, sources of water (e.g., snow, ice, and/or sediment pore water), meltwater residence times, allochthonous and autochthonous nutrient, and sediment loads. We investigated 11 distinct hydrological units along the supraglacial, ice marginal, and proglacial flow paths that drain Joyce Glacier in the McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica. We found that these units play unique and important roles as sources and/or sinks for dissolved inorganic nitrogen and dissolved inorganic phosphorus and for specific fractions of dissolved organic matter (DOM) as waters are routed from the glacier into nutrient‐poor downstream ecosystems. Changes in nutrient export from the glacial system as a whole were observed as the routing and residence times of meltwater changed throughout the melt season. The concentrations of major ions in the proglacial stream were inversely proportional to discharge, such that there was a relatively constant “trickle” of these solutes into downstream ecosystems. In contrast, NO₃^? concentrations generally increased with discharge, resulting in delivery of episodic pulses of dissolved inorganic nitrogen‐rich water (“treats”) into those same ecosystems during high discharge events. DOM concentrations or fluorescence did not correlate with discharge rate, but high variability in DOM concentrations or fluorescence suggests that DOM may be exported downstream as episodic treats, but with spatial and/or temporal patterns that remain poorly understood. The strong, nutrient‐specific responses to changes in hydrology suggest that polar glacier drainage systems may export meltwater with nutrient compositions that vary within and between melt seasons and watersheds. Because nutrient dynamics identified in this study differ between glacier watersheds with broadly similar hydrology, climate, and geology, we emphasize the need to develop conceptual models of nutrient export that thoroughly integrate the biogeochemical and hydrological processes that control the sources, fate, and export of nutrients from each system.