Evaluation of aquatic ecological systems through dynamics of ichthyofaunal diversity in a Himalayan torrential river,Murti

The biodiversity hotspot region of the Eastern Himalayas consists of a vast freshwater network enriched with species diversity. Many small-scale torrential rivers and water reaches contribute to the species pool of all the major rivers by converging downstream. These reaches are most likely to be degraded at a faster rate as compared to the large-scale rivers following an increased rate of urbanization, habitat alterations, and changing climatic conditions. Therefore, this study aims to explore River Murti, which is a representative small scale river system characterized by a large altitudinal gradient and a diverse watershed area. Ichthyofaunal diversity (i.e., diversity, evenness & richness) and 21 environmental variables are measured through a tri-seasonal sampling effort conducted along 14 selected locations. A total of 41 fish species (including species belonging to 4 Near Threatened, 8 Vulnerable, and 1 Endangered) are found inhabiting this river. Ichthyofaunal assemblage is found to be primarily modulated by habitat diversity and landscape variables. Three Aquatic Ecological Systems (AES) have been identified along this river in a top-down approach based on recorded environmental variables. We have calculated an observed/expected ratio for each diversity indices along 14 locations based on predicted temporal variability using boosted regression (BRT) models. The evaluation of diversity status has been kept at 0.5 to account for a 50% loss or deviation from observed (O/E50). This evaluation has been successfully used to delineate AES1 with majorly “Impaired” status and thus ensures its importance in terms of species conservation. Our study indicates the contribution of 11 major environmental drivers modulating the species assemblage patterns in these AES. Amongst them, altitude, substrate coarseness, river morphology, and shelter availability are strongly associated with species diversity as per the BRT models. These underlying factors are also correlated with “basin pressure,” suggesting that anthropogenic disturbances, as well as the changing climate, might play an important role in the gradual change in environmental conditions, which in turn could cause a shift in species assemblage structure.     

三峡水库消落区典型草本植物氮、磷养分计量特征

为明确消落区土壤养分对植物生长的影响,通过室内栽培试验,研究三峡库区秭归消落区土壤3种氮磷水平下4种草本植物—鬼针草(Bidens pilosa)、苍耳(Xanthium sibiricum)、水蓼(Polygonum hydropiper)、藜(Chenopodium album)长势及氮、磷计量特征.结果表明,消落区土壤中生长的植物氮含量为7.98~19.4 mg/g,磷含量为0.740~3.880 mg/g,氮磷比为3.48~13.70,判别植物生长受氮限制.外源氮磷的添加促进植物氮、磷含量明显升高,但氮磷比没有明显变化;外源氮磷添加解除植物受氮的限制作用.4种植物对消落区土壤低氮环境具有一定的适应能力.比较消落区土壤中4种植物长势,鬼针草生物量、相对生长率、根茎生物量比最高,氮磷养分丰富对鬼针草生长促进作用最明显,表明鬼针草更易于在氮、磷贫乏的三峡库区消落区形成优势群落.     

基于“水文频率-水质”拟合曲线的河流水质变异与等级特征值分析方法

时空特征分析对全面掌握水质变异规律具有重要意义,但现有的水质时空特征分析方法仍存在水质变异次序不分、水质变幅极值不清、水质评价特征值不明等不足。为更加清晰地探析水质时空特征信息,以秦淮河为研究对象,参考工程水文学经验频率法,建立“水文频率-水质”拟合曲线用于探索流域内高/低活动区不同时间段和丰/枯水期不同河段水质变异特征,并与传统的箱线图法进行对比。结果表明:与箱线图相比,“水文频率-水质”拟合曲线可量化关键水质评判点与特征值信息,使水质时空变异过程更为清晰。在时间上“水文频率-水质”拟合曲线的最佳形式为线性曲线,水质浓度一般不会发生突变;在空间上“水文频率-水质”拟合曲线的最佳形式为指数曲线,水质浓度有较大可能发生突增。各时间段高活动区氮磷浓度大于低活动区,各水体断面丰水期氮磷浓度低于枯水期。该方法分析过程简单方便,结果直观有序,能将水质信息以统计规律自动反映出来,在水质采样点、采样时间和采样频率典型时可作为优选方法用于河流水质时空特征研究。     

The influence of light intensity,SO2, NOx and C3H6 on sulfate aerosol formation

The photochemical oxidation of SO₂ in the presence of NO and C₃H₆ was studied in a 18.2 liter pyrex reactor. When light intensity, irradiation time and SO₂ concentration were constant, SO₄ ^2- concentration, derived from the total volume of aerosol produced, peaked when [C₃H₆]/[NO] was approximately 6.0. Another increase im SO₄ ^2- formation was reached at very high ratios (>50). The experimental observations are consistent with the two SO₂ oxidation mechanisms. At low [C₃H₆]/[NO] ratios, the processes proceed via the HO–SO₂ reaction, while at high ratios the O₃–C₃H₆ adduct is assumed to oxidize SO₂ to produce SO₄ ^2- aerosols.     

用振幅变化长短时均值比实现地震预警中P波自动拾取

地震P波到时快速、精确的自动拾取是实现地震预警的第一步。目前所有P波到时自动拾取方法都需要进一步考虑准确度问题,据此提出用"振幅变化"长短时均值比方法拾取P波到时。研究表明引进"振幅变化"作为特征函数比Allen的"振幅变化平方"更能突显地震波初至时刻的"突变"特征。对"振幅变化长短时均值比方法"和Allen的"振幅变化平方长短时均值比方法"进行抗噪音分析表明,在较低信噪比条件下,Allen方法不能准确地拾取P波到时,而新方法依然能较准确地拾取P波到时。在较高信噪比条件下,用两种方法拾取的160个M_S4.0地震P波到时,其误差大都在允许范围内,但新方法拾取的准确度略高。新方法可以看做是对长短时均值比方法的拓展。     

H/V谱比方法在强震记录应用中几个影响因素的初步研究

随着我国强震记录的积累,利用强震记录进行工程场地抗震设防研究成为必然。使用滇西南地区2007—2011年间强震台网记录到的强震动记录数据,研究使用水平/垂直谱比法(H/V)处理强震数据时的几个影响因素。通过研究发现:在使用H/V谱比法进行场地地震效应研究时,强震记录和地脉动记录存在较大的不同;使用强震记录可以获得更多的震源和台站场地参数信息,但这同时也相应增加了强震数据使用时的难度。比较国内外学者使用强震数据进行场地地震效应的研究成果,分析在使用强震数据时存在的问题,最终给出使用强震记录研究场地效应的建议。     

安徽太平湖水库初级生产力时空分布及分析

安徽太平湖是2014年国家列入的重点保护湖泊之一,鉴于其生物本底资料的缺乏,于2012年11月至2014年10月,从上游至下游选取H1、H2、H3、H4、H5共5个样点,采用黑白瓶法对太平湖的初级生产力进行为期2年的调查研究.结果显示,太平湖水柱毛初级生产力、水柱净初级生产力和水柱呼吸量的平均值分别为4.54±6.72、-1.82±7.77和6.50±7.62 g/(m2·d).时间分布上,水柱毛初级生产力出现3个峰值,分别在2012年11月、2013年5月和2014年7月,呼吸量在2013年7月份出现远高于其他月份的峰值,达到了16.04 g/(m2·d),水柱毛初级生产力季节变化表现为夏季秋季春季冬季.太平湖初级生产力存在显著的空间差异,水平分布上毛初级生产力与呼吸量的水平分布相似,湖心H3样点最小,下游的H4、H5样点较高;垂直分布显示,毛初级生产力主要贡献在表层和1SD层,并沿水深逐渐降低,呼吸量的垂直分布与毛初级生产力不同,最高值出现在1SD和2SD层,各层净初级生产力的值均较小,无明显峰值或谷值.研究表明,太平湖水库水柱的P/R系数小于1,但最高生产力层(表层)的P/R系数大于1.相关分析显示水柱毛初级生产力与温度和湖深呈显著正相关,与其它环境因子相关性不明显.     

高氮磷比与酸化共同作用对微小亚历山大藻生长和产毒的影响

通过实验室构建不同氮磷比条件下的酸化海水环境,培养麻痹性贝毒(paralytic shellfish toxin,PST)产毒藻微小亚历山大藻(Alexandrium minutum),采用藻细胞计数法、分光光度法、高效液相色谱-质谱法等分析方法,探讨了不同氮磷比条件下的酸化海水对微小亚历山大藻的生长、氮磷营养盐吸收、产毒等参数的影响。结果表明,在一定程度上,酸化环境对A.minutum的生长、PST的胞内累积和胞外释放有促进作用,且胞外培养液中PST含量增加的程度更高;同时,酸化海水促进胞内毒性较低的N-H类膝沟藻毒素(GTX2和GTX3)被氧化成毒性较高的N-OH类膝沟藻毒素(GTX1和GTX4),导致A.minutum的细胞毒性和培养液毒性增加。而海水中氮磷比的进一步升高,在一定程度上促进了微小亚历山大藻细胞毒素含量和毒性的增加,但并未促进其生长,且降低了藻细胞内的磷储量。     

Using triple oxygen isotopes and oxygen-argon ratio to quantify ecosystem production in the mixed layer of northern South China Sea slope region

Quantifying the gross and net production is an essential component of carbon cycling and marine ecosystem studies.Triple oxygen isotope measurements and the O_2/Ar ratio are powerful indices in quantifying the gross primary production and net community production of the mixed layer zone,respectively.Although there is a substantial advantage in refining the gas exchange term and water column vertical mixing calibration,application of mixed layer depth history to the gas exchange term and its contribution to reducing indices error are unclear.Therefore,two cruises were conducted in the slope regions of the northern South China Sea in October 2014(autumn) and June 2015(spring).Discrete water samples at Station L07 in the upper 150 m depth were collected for the determination of δ~(17)0,δ~(18)O,and the O_2/Ar ratio of dissolved gases.Gross oxygen production(GOP) was estimated using the triple oxygen isotopes of the dissolved O_2,and net oxygen production(NOP) was calculated using O_2/Ar ratio and O_2 concentration.The vertical mixing effect in NOP was calibrated via a N_2O based approach.GOP for autumn and spring was(169±23) mmol/(m~2·d)(by O_2) and(189±26) mmol/(m~2·d)(by O_2),respectively.While NOP was 1.5 mmol/(m~2·d)(by O_2) in autumn and 8.2 mmol/(m~2·d)(by O_2) in spring.Application of mixed layer depth history in the gas flux parametrization reduced up to 9.5% error in the GOP and NOP estimations.A comparison with an independent O_2 budget calculation in the diel observation indicated a26% overestimation in the current GOP,likely due to the vertical mixing effect.Both GOP and NOP in June were higher than those in October.Potential explanations for this include the occurrence of an eddy process in June,which may have exerted a submesoscale upwelling at the sampling station,and also the markedly higher terrestrial impact in June.     

阿克苏河-塔里木河水系水质污染遥感监测与评价

 采用Landsat TM数据分析了阿克苏河—塔里木河断面水质污染状况,通过波段的DN值和常规监测数据建立能反映水质状况的 污染物监测模型。结果发现,将2000年常规监测数据代入模型后,与遥感数据的结果基本吻合| 重建阿克苏河—塔里木河的连续水体 污染变化曲线,得出污染物浓度随着远离上游而增加。