红砂育苗的土壤水分管理初步研究

分布于60~300 mm降水量区域的超旱生半灌木红砂,是该区域的建群种,也是人工辅助植被恢复的主要树种,探索其幼苗成活与土壤含水量之间的关系,对人工辅助恢复植被十分重要。以不同苗龄的红砂容器苗和直播实生幼苗为调查对象,研究了红砂幼苗成活数量与土壤含水量之间的相关性。结果表明：10 cm土层中的体积含水量在20~25 d内持续达20%~30%时,其成活率达到70%左右;25 d以后,含水量在10%时就能维持其生命,苗龄30~40 d后幼苗成活率趋于稳定。     

大地电场变化的频谱特征

处理了中国大陆地区嘉峪关、昌黎、崇明、蒙城、兴济、宝坻和阳原等7个台的地电场观测数据,应用最大熵谱方法研究了大地电场日变化、地电暴等谱成分的特征. 结果表明,大地电场日变化主要是12 h的半日波成分最强, 24~25 h的全日波和8 h周期成分次之; 地电暴是在大尺度空间同步发生的,其谱值高于日变化谱值约2～3个数量级,主要以较长周期成分为主. 这一结果初步解释了大地电场变化的主要谱成分的生成机制.      

四川及邻区抗倒塌地震区划图编制

通过数字试验,分析了不同编图方法对地震区划结果的影响.基于四川及邻区的地震地质环境、地震活动特征,K2值特征,△Tg分布特征,考虑到地震区划图的继承性和连续性以及与我国现行抗震设计规范的衔接,提出了抗倒塌地震区划图编制的编制原则和方法,编制了四川及邻区的抗倒塌地震区划图.     

断层垂向封闭性定量研究方法及其在准噶尔盆地白家海凸起东道海子断裂带应用

断层的垂向封闭能力主要取决于断面的紧闭程度和断裂带内填充物的岩性。在定量计算断面正压力和断层两侧地层泥地比的基础上,提出了断层垂向封闭因子(Fvs)的概念,并将其定义为断面正压力与断层两侧地层泥地比的乘积。通过该参数可以定量评价断层的垂向封闭能力。以准噶尔盆地东道海子断裂为例,在建立断层垂向封油、气能力评价标准的基础上,应用断层垂向封闭因子(Fvs)定量评价了该断裂带的成藏期垂向封闭性及现今垂向封闭性,分析了该断裂带对油气成藏的控制作用,得到较好效果。     

青藏高原东北部甘加盆地古梯田地层与年代初探

梯田是人类几千年来利用和改造自然能力的象征,在人类社会发展中发挥了重要的作用。甘加盆地位于青藏高原东北部甘肃省夏河县,盆地内的丘陵、山麓地带分布大面积的层状梯形景观,疑似弃耕的古代梯田。本文在实地考察的基础上,基于卫星遥感资料,通过GIS手段分析发现古梯田面积为42.2 km²（约63000亩）,主要分布在盆地内央曲河及其支流两侧海拔2936~3326 m间的山坡上。通过对3个古梯田剖面样品的磁化率、总有机碳/氮（TOC、TN）含量、孢粉、粒度等环境代用指标分析,同时对比具有准确年代控制的自然剖面磁化率与粒度。研究结果显示：梯田开垦于晚全新世（距今3000 a）古土壤,梯田剖面顶部25~35 cm不同于自然剖面而呈均一化的指标证实了耕作层的存在（距今约1000 a以下层位）;但耕作层之上TOC、TN含量的增多,以及梯田剖面与自然剖面整体一致的指标变化趋势说明了梯田被短期利用后长期废弃;结合历史文献资料推断夏河古梯田是在北宋“弓箭手屯田”制度（1074—1125年）下开垦的;气候重建资料显示该时段温度较高、降水增加,整体有益于农业生产。本文提供了过去人类社会适应气候变化的典型案例。     

1961—2017年辽宁省旱涝急转现象时空演变特征

利用1961-2017年辽宁省61个气象站逐月降水数据,以5-8月为研究时段建立旱涝急转指数（drought-flood abrupt alternation index,DFAI）序列,采用线性倾向法、趋势分析、阶段性分析、T检验、ArcGIS空间插值等方法对辽宁省降水集中期的旱涝急转现象进行时空特征分析。结果表明：1961-2017年辽宁省降水集中期DFAI总体以-0.7/（10 a）的速率下降,有13 a出现旱转涝,有19 a出现涝转旱;DFAI强度以0.1/（10 a）的速率略呈上升趋势。近57 a,辽宁省旱转涝多发生在20世纪60年代,涝转旱多发生在20世纪70年代和20世纪初之后,1989年出现了涝转旱的突变,发生频率呈增多趋势,1994年又出现旱转涝的突变,发生频率呈减少趋势。典型旱转涝年（2013年）,DFAI的高值区分布在中、西部地区;典型涝转旱年（2014年）,DFAI绝对值的高值区分布在东北部和中西部地区。DFAI变化率在空间分布上具有明显的中、北部增多,东、西部减少的趋势差异。     

广东省东江流域降雨时空变化特征多角度分析

在人类活动和气候变化的复杂影响下,广东省东江流域的降雨特征在66年间发生了显著改变,为了精准识别其时空变化特征,基于流域34个雨量站逐月长序列降雨数据,采用集中度、集中期、OLS回归法、M-K检验法、滑动t检验法、一维连续小波等多种方法,对广东省东江流域上下游降雨的年内分布特征,年际变化的趋势性、突变性和周期性特征以及空间变化规律开展多角度分析。结果表明：广东省东江流域降雨量从东北向西南递减;从上游到下游,年内降雨集中期从6月延迟到7月份,降雨由减少过渡到弱增长趋势;下游突变性较上游显著,上游周期性强于下游;上下游降雨主周期一致,均为17 a。研究成果可为广东省东江流域降雨预报及水资源开发利用等相关研究提供支撑。     

Flood frequency analysis of Turkey using L‐moments method

The index flood procedure coupled with the L‐moments method is applied to the annual flood peaks data taken at all stream‐gauging stations in Turkey having at least 15‐year‐long records. First, screening of the data is done based on the discordancy measure (D_i) in terms of the L‐moments. Homogeneity of the total geographical area of Turkey is tested using the L‐moments based heterogeneity measure, H, computed on 500 simulations generated using the four parameter Kappa distribution. The L‐moments analysis of the recorded annual flood peaks data at 543 gauged sites indicates that Turkey as a whole is hydrologically heterogeneous, and 45 of 543 gauged sites are discordant which are discarded from further analyses. The catchment areas of these 543 sites vary from 9·9 to 75121 km² and their mean annual peak floods vary from 1·72 to 3739·5 m³ s^?1. The probability distributions used in the analyses, whose parameters are computed by the L‐moments method are the general extreme values (GEV), generalized logistic (GLO), generalized normal (GNO), Pearson type III (PE3), generalized Pareto (GPA), and five‐parameter Wakeby (WAK). Based on the L‐moment ratio diagrams and the |Z_dist|‐statistic criteria, the GEV distribution is identified as the robust distribution for the study area (498 gauged sites). Hence, for estimation of flood magnitudes of various return periods in Turkey, a regional flood frequency relationship is developed using the GEV distribution. Next, the quantiles computed at all of 543 gauged sites by the GEV and the Wakeby distributions are compared with the observed values of the same probability based on two criteria, mean absolute relative error and determination coefficient. Results of these comparisons indicate that both distributions of GEV and Wakeby, whose parameters are computed by the L‐moments method, are adequate in predicting quantile estimates. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

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White dwarf + red dwarf binary systems and the period gap of cataclysmic variables

Cataclysmic variables (CV) and pre-cataclysmic binaries (PCB) are discussed. The main difference between them (accretion or its absence) is shown to be a consequence of the evolutionary process and the properties of their progenitors. Both types of system have a bimodal distribution of their periods, but the extrema are in counterphase. Luminosity-effective temperature diagrams for the primary components are used to show that both systems have approximately the same age, which conflicts with the notion of PCBs as precursors of CVs. Calculations of the maximum distance between components for which the system remains stable show that CVs have passed this limit, while PCBs maintain their stability during this evolution. It is suggested that, after ejecting a common shell, future CVs immediately become semi-detached systems. It this is so, then there must be cataclysmic variables which are the central stars of planetary nebulae. __________ Translated from Astrofizika, Vol. 50, No. 3, pp. 427–439 (August 2007).