Comparison of fish populations in riffles of three braided rivers of Canterbury,New Zealand

Populations of small fish were sampled in 12–20 riffles of the lower reaches of 3 braided rivers in Canterbury, New Zealand, during periods of low, stable flows. In the Ashley, which has been least affected by floods in recent years, the standing stock of fish was severalfold higher than in the Hurunui and Rakaia Rivers, which experienced large floods over much of the time, particularly the Rakaia River. Mean abundance + 1 standard deviation (S.D.) of all species combined, amounted to 5.95 + 2.76 fish m ² for 10 species in the Ashley, 0.59 + 0.60 fish m ² for 7 species in the Hurunui, and 0.23 + 0.11 fish m ²for 6 species in the Rakaia. Mean biomass was 24.85 + 9.59, 2.11 + 1.19, and 2.50 ± 3.60 g m ²in the Ashley, Hurunui, and Rakaia Rivers, respectively. The more common species in the Ashley and Rakaia Rivers were torrentfish, longfinned eel, blue‐gilled bully, and upland bully. The same dominant species complex prevailed in the Hurunui River except that the common river galaxias was present instead of the bluegilled bully. The adverse effects of floods on fish, either directly, indirectly, or both, are considered to be a major limiting factor offish populations in braided rivers characterised by highly unstable flows and river beds, and a lack of suitable cover for fish.     

一种基于点目标的雷达影像质量评价方法

提出一种空间性能指标和辐射性能指标相结合的基于点目标的雷达强度影像质量评价方法。利用空间分辨率、峰值旁瓣比和积分旁瓣比指标对雷达影像质量进行定性评价,并利用仿真和实测数据进行实验分析,结果表明,该方法具有较好的有效性和可操作性。     

Local flash floods in Central Europe: A case study of Poland

Bryndal, T. 2015. Local flash floods in Central Europe: A case study of Poland. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift–Norwegian Journal of Geography. Vol. 69, 288–298. ISSN 0029-1951.

The article focuses on the seasonality, geographical distribution, and hydrometeorological aspects of local flash floods in Poland, in Central Europe. Scientific articles describing local flash flood events were studied and a database of such floods in Poland was developed and analysed. The results revealed that local flash flood events were usually generated by rainfall lasting less than two hours, with a mean intensity in the range 20–80 mm·h^-1. The triggering threshold for local flash floods was P = 20 mm·h^-1. Local flash floods may occur from April to October, with higher frequencies in May, June, and July. The floods usually affect mountain and uplands areas differently to lowland and basins regions, and this might be explained by heavy rainfall distribution and topographical conditions. The maxima of the unit discharge (Qs) describe an envelope curve according to the equation Qs = 47A^-0.4 (where A is the catchment area in km²). The maxima appear very consistent with envelope curves proposed for other inland continental European countries. The authors conclude that local flash floods in Poland are similar to those recorded in inland continental areas of Europe, but differ from the floods in the Mediterranean part of the continent.     

CINRAD/SC天气雷达发射系统反峰过流故障与排除

概述CINRAD/SC新一代天气雷达发射系统调制器的组成和工作原理,以新一代天气雷达一次＂反峰过流＂故障为例,根据故障检查方法和排除故障的全过程,对故障产生原因进行分析。结果表明：＂反峰过流＂故障主要原因为发射系统的脉冲变压器次级匝间短路,造成调制器失配,反峰电流激增,烧毁保护电阻,引起电流继电器动作,形成＂反峰电流保护＂并切断高压,输出＂反峰过流＂故障。更换脉冲变压器铁芯及绕组,注入新的25号变压器油,开机测试,各项技术指标均正常,故障排除,保障了雷达系统的正常运行。     

基于“3S”技术的大伙房水库汇水区农村生活污染负荷分析

运用ArcGIS软件解译大伙房水库汇水区的卫星影像数据,结合行政区划图确定汇水区3条主要河流两岸1 000m为农村生活污染负荷评估范围,采用排污系数法估算农村生活污染负荷.结果表明,研究区农村生活污染负荷为8 420.28t/a,其中,生活污水的污染负荷占总量的99.40％.农村生活污染对流域水质的贡献率为27.84％,所排放的污染物对河流的贡献率大小依次是氨氮(34.95％)、总磷(27.81％)、化学需氧量(25.53％)和总氮(23.08％),农村生活污染已成为大伙房水库汇水区水体污染的重要源.     

Analysis of non climatic origins of floods in the downstream part of the Kura River,Azerbaijan

Over the past century, there is an increased contribution of non climatic factors to the flood formation processes in the Kura River. Non climatic factors of floods refer to factors that are related to reductions in channel capacity and result in floods. More recently, there are numerous non climatic factors occurring in and around the Kura River basin that have increased the frequency of floods. Sediment accumulation in the riverbed over a long period of time has led to the reduction of channel capacity and has raised the elevation of the riverbed above the surrounding territory. It is illustrated that construction of dykes and levees do not actually prevent flooding, where hydrologic connections between groundwater and surface water are high, since infiltrated waters from channel results in raising of ground waters, causing an effect of “underground flood.” Since underground floods occur when water going from channels raises the level of ground waters, there is an urgent need to carefully investigate the groundwater–surface water connections. With the purpose of predicting floods, the authors suggest defining maximal acceptable flows (MAFs) rather than channel capacities. Results show that high rates of hydraulic conductivity of soils will decrease MAF rates. MAF computations before high-water season allow for further regulation of outlets further downstream in order to prevent flooding and enable flood forecasting. While the study focuses on a specific region, the overall approach suggested is generic and may be applied elsewhere.     

地球物理场曲面特征线计算与场源特征识别

平面上的点及该点对应的场源信息构成了一个三维曲面,谷特征线和峰特征线是控制曲面形态的重要因素,对曲面谷特征线和峰特征线二类曲面结构线的提取,有助于场源信息的自动提取和识别。这里给出了这二类特征线的求取过程,简要分析了其对应的地质地球物理意义,并通过一个模型和实例计算说明了特征线在异常识别上的效果。     

基于BP神经网络的降雨充水矿井涌水量预测

长沟峪煤矿矿井涌水量受降雨影响显著,曾经因降雨造成淹井事故。文章分析了长沟峪煤矿矿井充水因素及其影响程度,建立了矿井涌水量预测的BP网络模型,通过对2006年和2007年＋141水平和＋20水平矿井最大涌水量预测验证了该模型的可行性,并据此对不同降雨条件下的矿井涌水量进行了预测。     

洮儿河上游径流时序变化特征分析

干旱、半干旱地区河流径流对全球气候变化具有更高敏感性.主要位于内蒙古东北部半干旱、半湿润地区的洮儿河是本区域为数不多的河流,分析其径流的时序变化特征对研究本区域的全球气候变化响应具有重要意义.本文主要利用洮儿河上游索伦和察尔森两个代表性站点的近40年时间序列的逐日径流量资料,分别利用Kendall秩次检验,洪水频率和洪水滞时分析方法来分析洮儿河上游河流径流变化趋势、洪水频率和洪水滞时变化特征.结果如下:在过去40年内洮儿河上游径流量经历了下降-上升-下降的变化趋势,呈现平躺的S型,即可将其划分为1957～1972年的下降段、1972～1988年的上升段和1988～1997年的下降段.而通过Kendall秩次检验发现在相应的时段内两站的径流呈现显著性变化趋势.洪水频率分析表明,40年来洮儿河洪水发生频率有增加趋势,滞时分析结果则显示流域滞时时间呈减小变化.     

水温突降-缓升型的响应机理之冷水下渗学说的研究——以重庆北温泉水Fe3+、Mn2+对汶川地震的响应为例

深井水温观测在中国已经开展了20多年,但目前对于水温响应机理的研究还不充分.而且利用温泉水对水温响应机理研究甚少.本文在2008年5月12日汶川8.0级地震前后,即2008年5月1日至7月4日,对重庆北温泉水(距震中约400 km)进行采样监测,发现泉水水温水量发生较大变化:震后水温下降了1℃:海拔相对较高的BWQ-2、BWQ-3、BWQ-4相继断流,监测点BWQ-1的水量增加了15 L/s;与此同时.各泉点Fe~(3+)、Mn~(2+)浓度于地震当日成倍增长,随后逐渐减小,7月4日时浓度与5月1日相当.重庆北温泉位于四川盆地东部边缘地带,受汶川地震强烈影响导致冷水下渗作用,海拔相对较高而温度较低的温泉水改道,并有其他来自裂隙或者地表的低温水汇入温泉含水层,Fe~(3+)、Mn~(2+)浓度的变化从水化学上印证了冷水下渗学说.