Landscape Controls on Structural Variation in Eucalypt Vegetation Communities: Woronora Plateau,Australia

Quantification of landscape-based vegetation structural variation and pattern is a significant goal for a variety of ecological, monitoring and biodiversity studies. Vegetation structural metrics, derived from airborne laser scanning (ALS or aerial light detection and ranging—LiDAR) and QuickBird satellite imagery, were used to establish the degree of plot-based vegetation variation at a hillslope scale. Topographic position is an indicator of energy and water availability, and was quantified using DEM-based insolation and topographic wetness, respectively, stratifying areas into hot-warm-cold and wet-moist-dry topographic classes. A range of vegetation metrics—maximum and modal canopy height, crown cover, foliage cover, NDVI and semivariance—were compared among randomly selected plots from each topographic class. NDVI increases with increasing landscape wetness, whereas ALS-derived foliage cover decreases with increasing insolation. Foliage cover is well correlated with crown cover (R ² =0.65), and since foliage cover is readily calculable for whole-of-landscape application, it will provide valuable and complementary information to NDVI. Between-plot heterogeneity increases with increasing wetness and decreasing insolation, indicating that more sampling is required in these locations to capture the full range of landscape-based variability. Pattern analysis in landscape ecology is one of the fundamental requirements of landscape ecology, and the methods described here offer statistically significant, quantifiable and repeatable means to realise that goal at a fine spatial grain.     

多中心空间开发战略研究——以大郑州都市区为例

通过对比分析单中心、双中心和多中心3种典型的都市区空间开发模式发现,多中心、网络化的空间开发模式已成为全球许多都市区空间发展的核心理念。以大郑州都市区为例,结合其范围界定和空间开发的现状与问题,认为,应该采取多中心空间开发模式,突破行政区划限制,向北、向南和向东3个方向积极拓展发展空间,注重与东西两翼的协同发展,加强与开封、洛阳、许昌等周边城市的空间联系,将大郑州都市区打造成为中原经济区的核心增长极、中部崛起的引领者和全国区域性中心城市。     

地理-生态过程视角的城市系统研究

快速城市化、区域一体化与全球环境变化背景下,地理-生态视角的城市系统格局、过程与机制研究已成为国内外关注的焦点和热点.文章从地理-生态过程视角,对城市空间过程与机制、人文过程与机制、城市系统代谢过程与效率以及城市发展位势的竞合机制等进行了综述.指出综合运用宏观与微观相结合的现代科学路径,从功能空间角度解构城市系统,深入...     

中国“四极”区域旅游合作发展模式研究

在区域旅游合作内容与方式不断发生变革的今天,“中国四极”区域旅游合作框架的提出可谓是一种全新的构想,其不仅可对“四极”地区各自独特的旅游资源进行有效的整合,进而形成既内容丰富又极具特色的完整的旅游品牌;同时这种基于大尺度空间及时间背景下的合作也必然会带来其与相关线路、相关区域之间的旅游协作,从而带动更大区域范围内旅游业的发展。本文从中国“四极”合作开发的可行性分析入手,探讨了中国“四极”合作的发展模式、合作内容和运行机制等方面的问题。     

Structural evolution of a salt-cored,domed, reactivated fault complex,Jebel Madar,Oman

Fault and fracture patterns associated with domal structures are observed around the world both at outcrop and in the subsurface. However, the structural evolution of domes and the influence of previous fault and fracture sets are not yet fully understood. This study provides the first structural evolution analysis of Jebel Madar, a domal outcrop in the Adam Foothills of Northern Oman, and evaluates the role of multiple local tectonic events and the associated salt diapirism on fracture and fault distribution pattern development of a salt-cored domal outcrop.Analyses at Jebel Madar suggest that three local tectonic events with different stress regimes that are tentatively linked to three regional tectonic events resulted in a salt-cored, domed, reactivated fault complex: 1) initial dome-formation and NE–SW oriented mode 1 opening fractures and subsequent grabens; 2) E–W oriented dextral strike-slip faulting; and 3) reactivation and inversion of faults, and final dome formation. Salt emplacement is associated with the first and last tectonic events.This integrated study highlights the complicated evolution of fault and fracture distribution patterns at a salt-cored dome. Caution is therefore required in interpretation of similar structural patterns on top of and around salt-cored domes.     

辽宁瓦房店金伯利岩中石榴石特征及种类鉴定

辽宁瓦房店金刚石矿区金伯利岩中的石榴石一直被当作镁铝榴石。为了确定矿区颜色复杂的石榴石种类,本文对矿区的石榴石进行了系统的采样分析,测定了112件石榴石样品的晶胞参数、50件样品的微区化学成分和40件样品的红外光谱。利用石榴石晶胞参数、红外光谱、化学成分和化学分子式方法对矿区石榴石进行分类,结果显示:晶胞参数分类法误差大,容易得出错误结论;红外图谱分类法准确度不高,只能作为参考方法;化学成分分类法太过笼统,达不到详细划分石榴石种类的目的;化学分子式分类法可把矿区的石榴石详细划分6个矿种:镁钙铁-铝铬铁榴石、镁铁钙-铝铬铁榴石、镁钙铁-铝铬榴石、镁钙-铝铬铁镁榴石、镁铁钙-铝铬榴石、镁铁钙-铝铁铬榴石,每种石榴石都充分反映了A、B离子的种类及占位特征,是4种分类方法中最为科学的方法。研究认为瓦房店金刚石矿区金伯利岩中石榴石A端元成分以Mg²⁺离子占位为主;B端元成分以Al³⁺离子占位为主。由于阳离子替代普遍,A、B端元成分复杂,瓦房店金伯利岩中不存在单纯意义上的镁铝榴石。     

Chemical fluid transport (CFT): A window into Earth and its development

Gas phase transport according to chemical fluid transport (CFT) in Earth's crust as well as in the solar nebula is characterized by very high transport efficiency. Systematic investigations of mobilization, transport and deposition of gaseous MeX (Me = metal, X = F or Cl) compounds by solid gas equilibrium reactions are suitable to explain numerous extensive accumulations of minerals and ores. More than 40 of the considered chemical elements form volatile MeX compounds. Some elements tend to form MeF compounds, whereas others are more likely to form MeCl compounds. Silicon reacts with HF to form SiF₄ and replaces other elements to form MeF compounds at low temperature ranges. Accumulations caused by SiF₄ transport explain the formation of numerous quartz varieties and silicate minerals in Earth's crust. Iron most likely reacts with HCl to form FeCl₂ as well as FeCl₃ and explain the formation of iron or iron compounds. Thermodynamically directed transport from cool to hot areas in connection with cyclic processes increases the transport efficiency of MeX-species. Such species are SiF₄, Al₂F₆, POF₃, Cu₃Cl₃, SnCl₄, BF₃, GeF₄, GeCl₄, Ga₂Cl₆, ZrF₄, NbF₅ and TiF₄. The transport gases SiF₄ and POF₃ often react with environmental compounds forming pneumatolytic and metasomatical mineral accumulations. CFT is the “motor” of pneumatolytic and metasomatical processes.     

测井曲线在杭东勘查区煤炭普查煤岩层对比中的应用

杭东普查区煤层产状平缓,构造简单,但由于含煤地层为陆相沉积,煤层层数多、厚度、间距变化大,沉积岩相变化快、大范围内缺乏稳定的对比标志层,因此煤岩层对比是本区勘查需要重点解决的难题。通过对比杭东普查区与邻区200余孔的测井资料,分析煤岩层在各种测井曲线的异常特征与异常组合规律,确定了对煤岩层对比有重大意义的标志层,如延长组与上覆延安组的典型视电阻率异常分界;延安组在高视电阻率曲线上的“树杆”状凸起特征;安定组视电阻率曲线近直线的低值形态;4-1煤在视电阻率曲线上呈现出的“斜坡”状或“刀”状高异常,以及在自然伽玛曲线上的“凹坑”特征;侏罗系中统直罗组的高伽马异常,等等。这些典型特征保证了该区煤岩层对比可靠性,为提交优质地质勘查报告发挥了重要作用。     

山西余吾井田山西组沉积环境演化及聚煤规律

通过对研究区163个钻孔岩心、测井资料以及煤矿开采揭露资料进行解释和对比,同时结合岩石组合、沉积构造、剖面结构、测井相组合以及华北晚古生代早二叠世陆表海盆地地质背景,分析了山西组的岩性组合、展布特征及演化历史。研究认为,山西组底部为陆表海环境,含菱铁质泥岩是有力证据;区内主采3号煤层形成于华北大海退之后废弃的三角洲前缘之上,煤层厚度的变化主要受沉积环境的控制和后期局部冲刷的影响,与基底环境关系不大;井田山西组沉积环境演化及厚煤层展布特征表明华北晚古生代早二叠世为一个稳定的克拉通盆地。     

特厚砂土层条件下的开采沉陷规律研究

在分析榆树湾煤矿地表移动观测资料的基础上,研究了特厚砂土层条件下的厚煤层开采的地表移动变形规律与特征。揭示了特厚砂土层、薄基岩及大采厚等特殊因素对地表沉陷规律的影响,获得了特厚砂土层开采条件下的地表移动变形特征,研究成果将对榆林煤矿后续的安全合理开采、保安煤柱的留设、环境治理与保护等具有重要的实际意义。