不结球白菜叶片壳聚糖酶的理化特性研究

通过不结球白菜叶片壳聚糖酶对壳聚糖的降解,研究了温度、pH、时间及金属离子等对此壳聚糖酶的影响。结果表明,壳聚糖酶的最适温度为45℃,最适pH为5.5,酶促反应速度在6 h内达到最大值;Mn2 和Cu2 对壳聚糖酶促反应分别起到促进和抑制的作用。经薄板层析分析证实,壳聚糖酶降解壳聚糖为低聚物。     

微电极技术在沉积物化学原位测量中的应用

微电极技术在测量不稳定沉积物化学中具有不可替代的作用,日益受到重视。综合论述了目前实际应用于定量沉积物化学的三大电化学类型的微电极,覆盖了pH微电极、pCO2微电极、硫化物微电极、溶解氧膜微电极、汞金伏安微电极的工作原理、制作方法和应用文献。特别介绍了实验室制作氧化铱pH微电极的方法和性能,描述了制作汞金伏安微电极的详细步骤及其在测量沉积物氧化还原化学成分的具体实验装置和技术方法,认为微电极技术的引入对深化沉积物生物地球化学过程研究具有重要作用。     

西南地区酸雨时空分布特征研究

利用中国气象局酸雨观测网西南地区四川、重庆、贵州、昆明、西藏五省、市、自治区17个酸雨观测站1993~2004年的观测资料,研究了西南地区降水pH值、酸雨频率及降水电导率时空分布特征。分析结果表明,红原、拉萨、甘孜极少出现酸雨;重庆酸雨频率最高,遵义降水pH均值最小,降水酸性较强;酸雨年际变化有降低趋势;酸雨强度及频率存在明显的月际变化,变化接近U型分布,并且与降水量成正相关。西南地区的酸雨污染仍很严重。     

Tracking Holocene environmental changes in an alpine lake sediment core: application of regional diatom calibration, geochemistry, and pollen

Diatom abundances in the surface sediment samples of 41 mountain lakes in the central Austrian Alps (Niedere Tauern) were related to environmental variables using multi-variate techniques. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) revealed that the pH, date of autumn mixing (A _mix), mean August water temperature (T _Aug), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and relative water depth (Z _rel) made significant contributions to explain the diatom assemblage variation in the lakes of the training set. A weighted averaging partial least square regression and calibration model was used to establish Di-pH (R ² _boot= 0.72, RMSEP_boot= 0.131), and a thermistor measurements-based PLS model for A _mix (R ² _boot= 0.71, RMSEP_boot= 0.006 log₁₀ Julian days). The latter showed a better prediction than T _Aug, and was used in terms of climate change. These transfer functions, together with analyses of loss on ignition (LOI), the total carbon/nitrogen (C/N)-ratios, and selected pollen, were applied to an early to mid-Holocene (11.5–4 cal. ky BP) sediment core section from an Austrian Alpine treeline lake on crystalline bedrock. Additionally, passive sample scores in the CCA of the diatom training set were used to show trends in the variables DOC and Z _rel. During the early Holocene, diatoms indicative of increased pH, extended warm summers, and low water levels dominated. Between 10.2 and 7.6 cal. ky BP it was followed by diatom assemblages that indicated an increase in lake water depth and an earlier A _mix. The multi-proxy data suggest that the A _mix decline is the result of a series of snow-rich summer cool and wet climate fluctuations, which were divided by climate warming at ∼9 cal. ky BP. Increased A _mix, LOI and DOC, and the correspondent decline in the C/N-ratios, show subsequent climate warming between 7.3 and 6 cal. ky BP. The long-term trend in Di-pH indicates the impact of catchment-related processes during the early-Holocene, that were superimposed by climate.     

成都地区土壤硼元素含量及其养分管理建议

成都地区浅层土壤中全量硼较为丰富,但是部分地区土壤有效硼较为缺乏。土壤中有效硼的含量与土壤有机质含量、pH值呈正相关,与土壤类型也有关系,而与硼全量关系不大。有效硼的缺乏主要是由于有机质缺乏、土壤pH值较低引起。黄壤地区酸性土壤种植油菜会有缺硼症状;水稻土和紫色土有效硼含量达到植物正常生长所需要的临界值,种植油菜就不缺乏硼,但是种植小麦仍然会缺硼。开展硼的区域生态地球化学评价时,不能只用土壤硼全量来评价其丰缺,还应该考虑用有效硼、有机质、pH值、土壤类型以及不同的植物种类等进行综合评价,更有利于指导农业生产土壤养分管理和选择种植适宜的植物。增加土壤有效硼含量的主要措施是施用硼肥,同时施用有机肥,酸性土壤适量施用石灰。     

Paleolimnology of McNearney lake: an acidic lake in northern Michigan

McNearney Lake is an acidic (pH=4.4) lake in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan with low acid neutralizing capacity (ANC=-38 eq L^-1) and high SO _inf4 ^sup2- and aluminium concentrations. Oligotrophy is indicated by high Secchi transparency and by low chlorophyll a, total phosphorus, and total nitrogen concentrations. The lake water is currently acidic because base cations are supplied to the lake water at a low rate and because SO _inf4 ^sup2- from atmospheric deposition was not appreciably retained by the lake sediments or watershed and was present in the water column.This interdisciplinary paleolimnological study indicates that McNearney Lake is naturally acidic and has been so since at least 4000 years B.P., as determined from inferred-pH techniques based on contemporary diatom-pH relationships. Predicted pH values ranged from 4.7 to 5.0 over the 4000-year stratigraphy. Considerable shifts in species composition and abundance were observed in diatom stratigraphy, but present-day distributions indicate that all abundant taxa most frequently occur under acidic conditions, suggesting that factors other than pH are responsible for the shifts. The diatom-inferred pH technique as applied to McNearney Lake has too large an uncertainly and is not sensitive enough to determine the subtle recent changes in lakewater pH expected from changes in atmospheric deposition because: (1) McNearney Lake has the lowest pH in the contemporary diatom data set in the region and confidence intervals for pH predictions increase at the extremes of regressions; (2) other factors in addition to pH may be responsible for the diatom species distribution in the lake and in the entire northern Great Lakes region; (3) McNearney Lake has a well-buffered pH as a consequence of its low pH and high aluminium concentrations and is not expected to exhibit a large pH change as a result of changes in atmospheric deposition; and (4) atmospheric deposition in the region is modest and would not cause a pH shift large enough to be discernable in McNearney Lake.Elevated atmospheric deposition is indicated in recent sediments by Pb, V, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon accumulation rates and to a lesser extent by those of Cu and Zn; however, these accumulation rates are substantially lower than those observed for acidified lakes in the northeastern United States. Although atmospheric loadings of materials associated with fossil fuel combustion have recently increased to McNearney Lake and apparently are continuing, the present study of the diatom subfossil record does not indicate a distinct, recent acidification (pH decrease).Order of the first two authors is alphabetical     

托素湖湖水蒸发过程中析盐及其pH值的变化规律研究

盐湖卤水蒸发是提取盐湖资源的主要途径之一,当前盐湖卤水的蒸发实验主要集中在矿化程度较高的盐湖和咸水湖中,蒸出矿物以硫酸盐和氯化物为主。为了获得湖水蒸发过程中从低矿化度到高矿化度全阶段的析盐和pH值变化规律,本文用托素湖微咸水在恒温室内开展28±2℃蒸发实验。托素湖为硫酸镁亚型微咸水湖(矿化度27.8 g/L),整个蒸发过程中pH值由8.92持续降低到6.108;矿物析出顺序为三水菱镁矿-文石-石盐-六水泻盐-白钠镁矾-五水泻盐-四水泻盐,共有七组盐类析出。卤水pH值的变化主要受矿物相变化控制,在碳酸盐析出过程中pH由8.529迅速降低到7.205,而后以析出矿物石盐为主的石盐-硫酸盐析出阶段pH降低到6.887,之后在白钠镁为主硫酸盐-石盐阶段pH缓慢降低到6.29。同时分析了石膏、芒硝、泻利盐等矿物未析出的原因。通过托素湖湖水蒸发实验,可以更全面的认识硫酸镁亚型盐湖演化全过程中的矿物沉积规律及物理化学性质变化。     

An evaluation of remote sensing derived soil pH and average spring groundwater table for ecological assessments

Ecological assessments such as species distribution modelling and benchmarking site quality towards regulations often rely on full spatial coverage information of site factors such as soil acidity, moisture regime or nutrient availability. To determine if remote sensing (RS) is a viable alternative to traditional data sources of site factor estimates, we analysed the accuracy (using ground truth validation measurements) of traditional and RS sources of pH and mean spring groundwater level (MSL, in m) estimates. Traditional sources were a soil map and hydrological model. RS estimates were obtained using vegetation indicator values (IVs) from a Dutch national system as an intermediate between site factors and spectral response. IVs relate to those site factors that dictate vegetation occurrence, whilst also providing a robust link to canopy spectra. For pH, the soil map and the RS estimate were nearly as accurate. For MSL, the RS estimates were much closer to the observed groundwater levels than the hydrological model, but the error margin of the estimates still exceeded the tolerance range of moisture sensitive vegetation. The relatively high accuracy of the RS estimates was made possible by the availability of local calibration points and large environmental gradients in the study site. In addition, the error composition of the RS estimates could be analysed step-by-step, whereas the traditional sources had to be accepted ‘as-is’. Also considering that RS offers high spatial and temporal resolution at low costs, RS offered advantages over traditional sources. This will likely hold true for any other situation where prerequisites of accurate RS estimates have been met.     

pH dependant isotope variations in arc-type geothermal waters: New insights into their origins

In arc-type geothermal systems along the circum-Pacific rim, low pH well discharges in the geothermal systems of Japan and the Philippines are more enriched in oxygen-18 or deuterium or both as compared to neutral pH waters found in the same systems. Isotope enrichment of both oxygen-18 and deuterium means higher percentage of magmatic vapour contribution to the well discharges due to the fact that un-neutralized magmatic water carries much abundant hydrogen ions to keep the water at a lower pH. This is consistent with the observation that acid geothermal waters usually occur near the volcanic heat source of a geothermal system, where the magmatic component tends to reach a higher percentage.