Orthogonal design for optimization of pigment extraction from surface sediments of the Changjiang River Estuary

Using a suitable solvent for extracting pigments from sediment for high performance liquid chro-matography (HPLC) analysis is critical for obtaining qualitative and quantitative estimates of phytoplanktonic and benthic algal biomass, as well as community composition. Five methodolog-ical factors (sample dehydration, extraction solvent, extraction duration, number of extractions, and ratio of solvent volume: sample weight) were studied using an L₉ (3⁴) orthogonal design in a sedimentary pigment extraction experiment on samples collected from the Changjiang large-river delta-front estuary (LDE), using HPLC analysis. The results show that the optimal extraction method for sedimentary pigments should include freeze-drying samples prior to extraction. The effects of different factors on sedimentary pigment extraction were separated by the L₉ (3⁴) or-thogonal design experiments and showed that the extraction solvent was the most important, with extraction duration the second most important, and numbers of extraction and ratio of solvent vol-ume: sample weight was the least important. The mixed solvent treatment comprised of acetone, methanol and water (80:15:5, by volume) was best for polar pigment extraction, with 100% acetone better for apolar pigments. For most pigments employed in this study (i.e., peridinin, fucoxanthin, alloxanthin, diatoxanthin, zeaxanthin, pheophytin-a and β-carotene), 3 h was found to be enough time for extraction from these deltaic sediments. However, for chlorophyll-a, the most important pigment used for estimating algal biomass, 12 h was needed. A small amount of solvent (3 ml) with duplicate extractions obtained the greatest amount and diversity of pigments. Unfortunately, no extraction method was found to be suitable for all pigments in sediments. The choice of extraction procedure should be made in accordance with the objective of each study, taking into consideration the properties of sediments and pigments in question.     

Modelling the physical impact of trawl components on the seabed and comparison with sea trials

Quantitative measurement of the response of benthic habitats to impact from towed fishing gears is of great importance to the ecosystem and the long-term management of sustainable fisheries. To date, most studies on the effects of trawling on the benthos have focussed on before/after, control/impact comparative studies. This research has proved important in terms of describing general trends and has identified taxa that suffer high levels of mortality, and habitat types where impact is the greatest. A limitation, however, to this comparative work is the lack of prediction-based methodology and it would be very beneficial to develop a more mechanistic approach that would allow trawling impact on the benthos to be estimated for a wider range of species and habitats. This paper is a first step in this approach and focuses on modelling the physical interaction between gear components and the seabed. In particular the penetration and disturbance to the seabed caused by (i) the roller clump of a twin trawl and (ii) a trawl door, are examined.A finite element (FE) model of the interaction of these components and the seabed is developed using the different soil models and features available within the Abaqus finite element software package. The resulting models are able to predict the penetration depth and sediment displacement associated with each gear component and the predictions are compared with the results obtained during sea trials. The sea trials were undertaken on two sediment types at depths accessible to scientific divers using SCUBA diving techniques who measured and profiled the physical alteration to the seabed following the passage of a roller clump and a trawl door. In addition, drag forces obtained from the sea trials are compared with numerical predictions of the drag related to the soil and the estimated fluid drag. Good agreement between the experimental trials and numerical simulations is found and hence this study provides the basis for investigation of the interaction of other components and sediment types.     

亚非夏季风降水与热带东风急流的关系

为研究亚非夏季风降水的时空变化特征及其与热带东风急流的相关性,利用1948-2008年61年NCEP／NCAR再分析资料,采用经验正交函数分解和奇异值分解等方法讨论了亚非夏季风降水的变化及其与热带东风急流的关系。结果表明：从包括撒赫勒在内的北非地区到印度西北部、青藏高原南部,直到中国华北东北地区,是亚非夏季降水的最主要的空间分布型式。亚非夏季风降水总体呈现出逐年递减的趋势。多年亚非季风区夏季降水分布与热带东风急流的强度有密切关系,在急流不同部位降水特征不同。亚非夏季风降水与热带东风急流呈显著正相关,二者的分布趋势在极大程度上吻合。     

EOF-LSTM神经网络的电离层TEC预报模型

为有效利用电离层总电子含量序列的时间信息,提出一种经验正交函数分解与长短期记忆神经网络组合的预报模型,利用IGS提供的云南地区TEC格网数据,分别对不同地点和不同时段的电离层进行建模预报。实验结果表明,该模型在同一时段预报5 d的TEC值均方根误差最优达1.83 TECu,较单一模型减小16%,其平均相对精度最优达91.56%,较单一模型增加7%;在同一地点预报5 d的TEC值均方根误差最优达1.86 TECu,较单一模型减小25%,其平均相对精度最优达90.74%,较单一模型增加7%。     

Modulation of Convectively Coupled Kelvin Wave Activity in the Tropical Pacific by ENSO

The influence of El Nio-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on the convectively coupled Kelvin waves over the tropical Pacific is investigated by comparing the Kelvin wave activity in the eastern Pacific (EP) El Nio, central Pacific (CP) El Nio, and La Nia years, respectively, to 30-yr (1982-2011) mean statistics. The convectively coupled Kelvin waves in this study are represented by the two leading modes of empirical orthogonal function (EOF) of 2-25-day band-pass filtered daily outgoing longwave radiation (OLR), with the estimated zonal wavenumber of 3 or 4, period of 8 days, and eastward propagating speed of 17 ms-1 . The most significant impact of ENSO on the Kelvin wave activity is the intensification of the Kelvin waves during the EP El Nios. The impact of La Nia on the reduction of the Kelvin wave intensity is relatively weaker, reflecting the nonlinearity of tropical deep convection and the associated Kelvin waves in response to ENSO sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies. The impact of the CP El Nio on the Kelvin waves is less significant due to relatively weaker SST anomalies and smaller spatial coverage. ENSO may also alter the frequency, wavelength, and phase speed of the Kelvin waves. This study demonstrates that low-frequency ENSO SST anomalies modulate high-frequency tropical disturbances, an example of weather-climate linkage.     

Impact of climate on grain yield per unit area in China during the years of 1949–1992

The grain yield per unit area in China has been increasing from 1949 to 1992 with annual fluctuations, which was caused by both policies and monsoon climate. The total grain yield is divided into trend yield, which reflects the influence of economic factors, and climate yield, which reflects the impact of climate factors. The results of grain and climate yield by EOF (empirical orthogonal function) method show that the grain yield in the eastern China is higher and more fluctuating than that in the western region. The spatial and temporal distributions of climate yield were divided into four patterns. Regional unanimity of climate-yield variation is the first and main spatial pattern, and then there are the spatial patterns of north-south difference and east-west difference in some years. Generally, climate conditions are good for grain yield during the 1950s and 1980s all over the country. Supported by the National Natural Science Fundation of China.     

岩土混合边坡预应力锚杆支护数值模拟：以深圳金园路边坡为例

预应力锚杆支护是一种较新型的锚固技术,但实际工程设计都偏保守,造成经济浪费,因此实际设计过程中存在诸多预应力锚杆参数优化问题。使用有限元分析软件Abaqus模拟锚杆长度、锚固角度、预应力、直径诸因素的变化对边坡稳定性的影响趋势,通过正交试验优化设计得出最优组合方案,为预应力锚杆的相关设计提供科学参考,避免工程建设的安全隐患或不合理投资。     

多因素组合影响下向进路充填顶板稳定性计算

下向分层进路充填采矿法中,进路充填顶板的稳定对回采过程安全性至关重要,而分层充填体叠加载荷计算一直是顶板稳定性分析的难点。在充分考虑采动岩体荷载、矿体倾角、相邻分层间回采进路的交错布置、充填体与围岩的接触等工程实际后,推导了进路顶板平衡微分方程,求解得到进路顶板静荷载的理论值。结合回采工艺建立了“多跨梁”力学模型,并得到了回采进路顶板拉应力的理论计算公式,分析得到影响进路顶板稳定性的4个重要理论因素：顶板上部载荷σ v、回采进路跨度l、1:4充填体的厚度h、充填体自身抗拉强度[σt]。为充分考虑进路顶板静载荷和回采爆破动载荷影响,利用FLAC^3D对多因素影响下的顶板稳定性进行了数值模拟正交计算。根据模拟结果,分析了各因素对顶板拉应力的影响规律,利用多元非线性回归的方法建立了多因素组合影响下顶板稳定性评价模型。该模型应用到某铜矿试验采场的实际生产,具有较好的指导作用。     

大型地下洞室群地震模拟振动台试验研究(Ⅰ):岩体相似材料配比试验

结合大型地下洞室群地震模拟振动台模型试验研究,根据相似原理,利用正交试验和二次细化试验相结合的试验方法,对岩体相似材料进行配比试验。选用铁精粉、重晶石粉和石英砂作为骨料,石膏为胶凝材料,甘油为调节剂。正交试验以相似材料的密度、抗压强度和变形模量为控制指标,通过极差分析得到各影响因素的重要程度,并在此基础上进行二次细化试验,二次细化试验增加测试相似材料的抗拉强度。这种组合试验方法可通过较少的试验次数得到符合相似指标要求的材料配比,大大提高了配比试验的效率。试验得出的相似材料配比与物理力学指标的变化规律及运用组合试验高效确定具体配比的方法,对类似工程动静力模型试验相似材料模拟具有一定的参考意义。     

结合正交变换和多分辨率分析的全色锐化融合方法

针对单独使用成份替代方法和多分辨率分析方法的不足,该文提出一种基于光谱图像数据回归和正交颜色空间变换的成分替代图像融合方法;在此基础上,将成分替代与多分辨率分析的思想相结合,进一步提升融合方法的光谱保真性能。将所提方法应用于ETM+图像数据集进行全色锐化的实验,通过与其他几种具有代表性的全色锐化方法进行比较,证明得到的融合结果具有更高的质量。