西准噶尔白碱滩二辉橄榄岩中两种辉石的出溶结构及其地质意义

克拉玛依白碱滩尖晶石二辉橄榄岩主要由橄榄石、单斜辉石、斜方辉石和尖晶石组成,橄榄石和斜方辉石均发生程度不等的蛇纹石化。单斜辉石一般很新鲜。单斜辉石和斜方辉石均发育出溶结构,出溶条纹或者平直或者发生舒缓的弯曲变形(即便是在发生弯曲的情况下也是完全平行的)。透辉石-普通辉石出溶体一般呈针状(直径一般为1μm,长度>150μm),顽火辉石出溶条纹直径一般为1～3μm(长度>300μm)。斜方辉石主晶属于顽火辉石-易变辉石,单斜辉石主晶为透辉石(成分很均一)。地质温度压力估算表明,白碱滩二辉橄榄岩中辉石出溶结构发生的温度为700℃～1000℃、压力为2.0～2.7GPa,它们代表辉石出溶结构形成的最低PT条件。白碱滩二辉橄榄岩至少经历了三个演化阶段:原始辉石与尖晶石和橄榄石平衡共生(阶段Ⅰ,>94km);随着地幔上隆,原始辉石结构不稳定,分解并形成出溶结构(阶段Ⅱ,700℃～1000℃),斜方辉石开始分解的深度为94km,单斜辉石开始分解的深度为78km;之后,蛇绿岩经历的侵位事件导致辉石发生塑性变形(阶段Ⅲ)。蛇绿岩侵位之前,地幔岩曾发生了>50km的隆升,而且,在隆升过程中地幔岩没有发生明显部分熔融(地幔岩因此没有经历明显的岩浆抽提过程)。     

Cenozoic post-collisional brittle tectonic history and stress reorientation in the High Zagros Belt (Iran, Fars Province)

The Zagros fold-and-thrust belt of SW-Iran is among the youngest continental collision zones on Earth. Collision is thought to have occurred in the late Oligocene–early Miocene, followed by continental shortening. The High Zagros Belt (HZB) presents a Neogene imbricate structure that has affected the thick sedimentary cover of the former Arabian continental passive margin. The HZB of interior Fars marks the innermost part of SE-Zagros, trending NW–SE, that is characterised by higher elevation, lack of seismicity, and no evident active crustal shortening with respect to the outer (SW) parts. This study examines the brittle structures that developed during the mountain building process to decipher the history of polyphase deformation and variations in compressive tectonic fields since the onset of collision. Analytic inversion techniques enabled us to determine and separate different brittle tectonic regimes in terms of stress tensors. Various strike–slip, compressional, and tensional stress regimes are thus identified with different stress fields. Brittle tectonic analyses were carried out to reconstruct possible geometrical relationships between different structures and to establish relative chronologies of corresponding stress fields, considering the folding process. Results indicate that in the studied area, the main fold and thrust structure developed in a general compressional stress regime with an average N032° direction of σ₁ stress axis during the Miocene. Strike–slip structures were generated under three successive strike–slip stress regimes with different σ₁ directions in the early Miocene (N053°), late Miocene–early Pliocene (N026°), and post-Pliocene (N002°), evolving from pre-fold to post-fold faulting. Tensional structures also developed as a function of the evolving stress regimes. Our reconstruction of stress fields suggests an anticlockwise reorientation of the horizontal σ₁ axis since the onset of collision and a significant change in vertical stress from σ₃ to σ₂ since the late stage of folding and thrusting. A late right-lateral reactivation was also observed on some pre-existing belt-parallel brittle structures, especially along the reverse fault systems, consistent with the recent N–S plate convergence. However, this feature was not reflected by large structures in the HZB of interior Fars. The results should not be extrapolated to the entire Zagros belt, where the deformation front has propagated from inner to outer zones during the younger events.     

U–Pb SHRIMP monazite ages of the giant Morro Velho and Cuiabá gold deposits, Rio das Velhas greenstone belt, Quadrilátero Ferrífero, Minas Gerais, Brazil

U–Pb SHRIMP results of 2672 ± 14 Ma obtained on hydrothermal monazite crystals, from ore samples of the giant Morro Velho and Cuiabá Archean orogenic deposits, represent the first reliable and precise age of gold mineralization associated with the Rio das Velhas greenstone belt evolution, in the Quadrilátero Ferrífero, Brazil. In the basal Nova Lima Group, of the Rio das Velhas greenstone belt, felsic volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks have been dated between 2792 ± 11 and 2751 ± 9 Ma, coeval with the intrusion of syn-tectonic tonalite and granodiorite plutons, and also with the metamorphic overprint of older tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite crust. Since cratonization and stable-shelf sedimentation followed intrusion of Neoarchean granites at 2612 + 3/− 2 Ma, it is clear that like other granite–greenstone terranes in the world, gold mineralization is constrained to the latest stages of greenstone evolution.     

On-going orogeny in the outer-arc of the Timor–Tanimbar region, eastern Indonesia

The Timor–Tanimbar islands of eastern Indonesia form a non-volcanic arc in front of a 7 km deep fore-arc basin that separates it from a volcanic inner arc. The Timor–Tanimbar Islands expose one of the youngest high P/T metamorphic belts in the world, providing us with an excellent opportunity to study the inception of orogenic processes, undisturbed by later tectonic events.Structural and petrological studies of the high P/T metamorphic belt show that both deformation and metamorphic grade increase towards the centre of the 1 km thick crystalline belt. Kinematic indicators exhibit top-to-the-north sense of shear along the subhorizontal upper boundaries and top-to-the-south sense in the bottom boundaries of the high P/T metamorphic belt. Overall configuration suggests that the high P/T metamorphic rocks extruded as a thin sheet into a space between overlying ophiolites and underlying continental shelf sediments. Petrological study further illustrates that the central crystalline unit underwent a Barrovian-type overprint of the original high P/T metamorphic assemblages during wedge extrusion, and the metamorphic grade ranged from pumpellyite-actinolite to upper amphibolite facies.Quaternary uplift, marked by elevation of recent reefs, was estimated to be about 1260 m in Timor in the west and decreases toward Tanimbar in the east. In contrast, radiometric ages for the high P/T metamorphic rocks suggest that the exhumation of the high P/T metamorphic belt started in western Timor in Late Miocene time and migrated toward the east. Thus, the tectonic evolution of this region is diachronous and youngs to the east. We conclude that the deep-seated high P/T metamorphic belt extrudes into shallow crustal levels as a first step, followed by doming at a later stage. The so-called ‘mountain building’ process is restricted to the second stage. We attribute this Quaternary rapid uplift to rebound of the subducting Australian continental crust beneath Timor after it achieved positive buoyancy, due to break-off of the oceanic slab fringing the continental crust. In contrast, Tanimbar in the east has not yet been affected by later doming. A wide spectrum of processes, starting from extrusion of the high P/T metamorphic rocks and ending with the later doming due to slab break-off, can be observed in the Timor–Tanimbar region.     

Modeling of gold mass transfer during the listwanitization and rodingitization using the example of the Ust’-Dep ophiolite complex in the upper Amur territory

Gold mass transfer with chloride and carbonate-chloride solutions was examined at the 300 and 400°C isotherms and P _tot = 1 kbar by means of experimental modeling and theoretical simulations. CO₂ was confirmed to suppress Au solubility in fluids. The low Au solubility (mAu < 10^?8) determined in the experiments explains the mechanism of its precipitation when serpentinites and listwanites interact with acidic mineralized solutions. Listwanitization, which was genetically related with the emplacement of orogenic granitoids, was determined to have overprinted serpentinites and rodingites and strongly affected Au transport in the oregeochemical system. The characteristics of the metasomatic processes in the Ust’-Dep ophiolites and the gold concentration in the rocks produced by these processes confirm this conclusion.     

The geology of the Morro Velho gold deposit in the Archean Rio das Velhas greenstone belt, Quadrilátero Ferrífero, Brazil

The Morro Velho gold deposit, Quadrilátero Ferrífero region, Minas Gerais, Brazil, is hosted by rocks at the base of the Archean Rio das Velhas greenstone belt. The deposit occurs within a thick carbonaceous phyllite package, containing intercalations of felsic and intermediate volcaniclastic rocks and dolomites. Considering the temporal and spatial association of the deposit with the Rio das Velhas orogeny, and location in close proximity to a major NNW-trending fault zone, it can be classified as an orogenic gold deposit. Hydrothermal activity was characterized by intense enrichment in alteration zones of carbonates, sulfides, chlorite, white mica±biotite, albite and quartz, as described in other Archean lode-type gold ores. Two types of ore occur in the deposit: dark gray quartz veins and sulfide-rich gold orebodies. The sulfide-rich orebodies range from disseminated concentrations of sulfide minerals to massive sulfide bodies. The sulfide assemblage comprises (by volume), on average, 74% pyrrhotite, 17% arsenopyrite, 8% pyrite and 1% chalcopyrite. The orebodies have a long axis parallel to the local stretching lineation, with continuity down the plunge of fold axis for at least 4.8 km. The group of rocks hosting the Morro Velho gold mineralization is locally referred to as lapa seca. These were isoclinally folded and metamorphosed prior to gold mineralization. The lapa seca and the orebodies it hosts are distributed in five main tight folds related to F1 (the best examples are the X, Main and South orebodies, in level 25), which are disrupted by NE- to E-striking shear zones. Textural features indicate that the sulfide mineralization postdated regional peak metamorphism, and that the massive sulfide ore has subsequently been neither metamorphosed nor deformed. Lead isotope ratios indicate a model age of 2.82 ± 0.05 Ga for both sulfide and gold mineralization. The lapa seca are interpreted as the results of a pre-gold alteration process and may be divided into carbonatic, micaceous and quartzose types. The carbonatic lapa seca is subdivided into gray and brown subtypes. Non-mineralized, gray carbonatic lapa seca forms the hanging wall to the orebodies, and is interpreted as the product of extreme CO₂ metasomatism during hydrothermal alteration. This dolomitic lapa seca ranges in composition from relatively pure limestone and dolomite to silty limestone and dolomite. The brown carbonatic and micaceous lapa secas are the host rocks to gold. These units are interpreted to correspond to the sheared and hydrothermal products of metamorphosed volcaniclastic and/or volcanic rocks of varying composition from dacitic to andesitic, forming various types of schists and phyllites. The high-grade, massive sulfide orebodies occur at the base of the gray carbonatic lapa seca. Both disseminated mineralization and quartz veins are hosted by micaceous lapa seca. The data are consistent with a model of epigenetic mineralization for the lapa seca, from a hydrothermal fluid derived in part from the Archean basement or older crust material.     

苏鲁超高压变质带的深部构造特征——宽频地震层析结果

为了探测苏鲁超高压变质带的岩石圈结构实施了山东日照到滨洲剖面的宽频带地震探测,于2003～2005年使用REFTER130-01型和CMG-6TD型三分量地震仪(频宽50～60s).以10～25km间距布设了25个台站观测近三年时间.由远震地震层析反演结果得到了华北板块、超高压变质带、扬子板块清晰的P波速度图像.华北板块具有简单的低速体形态,越过郯庐断裂向超高压变质带扩张,并平稳地由郯庐断裂向北延伸直到黄河以北的古城镇.Moho面和岩石圈深度分别为30～35km,75～80km;扬子板块为高速体,界于两者之间的苏鲁超高压变质带地壳的平均速度大于两侧板块,剖面上从日照到五莲-烟台断裂范围内除地壳为高速体外,30～60km深度范围内有一个高速体和一个低速体拼会在一起,构成了超高压变质带岩石圈最突出的构造特征.此高速体应为榴辉橄榄岩等超基性岩组成,它可能属于折返回来又被移动的超高压变质岩组合体,并与华北板块基底直接接触,超高压变质带的下界面深度为60km.下界面平直,可能意味着正在消退的造山带的山根,或是造山带的下一层Moho面?郯庐断裂带地壳出露的共四条带,比较陡的产状向深部延伸,并逐步向南倾,TLF2～TLF4在岩石圈底界处合并.     

胶南造山带中高压、超高压变质矿

胶南造山带榴辉岩中的高压、超高压变质矿物主要有绿辉石、镁铝榴石、柯石英、金刚石、金红石等。柯石英、金刚石均呈微晶状包裹于石榴子石、绿辉石中。柯石英多已转化为石英聚晶,并使包裹它的矿物产生放射状胀裂纹;金刚石呈近等轴八面体等,其形成压力达３．５ＧＰａ以上。榴辉岩围岩中的高压、超高压变质矿物主要有辉石类（透辉石、霓石、暗硬玉）、钠钙质钠质角闪石（钠闪石、镁钠闪石）、多硅白云母（３Ｔ型）、钠长石、绿帘石等。高压、超高压变质矿物的广泛出现指示区内存在两期高压变质作用：早期为超高压榴辉岩相变质作用;晚期为高压绿片岩相榴辉岩相变质作用。华北板块与扬子板块的多次碰撞是区内高压、超高压变质作用产生的主要原因。     

蒙阴县苏家沟科马提岩

苏家沟科马提岩呈透镜状残留体赋存于早元古代二长花岗岩中,主要由蛇纹石化橄榄科马提岩、透闪石岩、透闪片岩、阳起透闪片岩、绿泥透闪片岩、黑云阳起片岩等组成,具典型的鬣刺结构及变余鬣刺结构。该科马提岩的岩石学、岩石化学及结构特征与世界典型地区科马提岩极为相似,属橄榄科马提岩。     

对山东高压-超高压变质带的几点看法——程裕淇院士野外考察记

通过对山东高压超高压变质带的考察,初步认为：榴辉岩的最后隆升时代为燕山期;含硬玉石英岩＋榴辉岩＋（透辉石）大理岩组合说明表壳岩经历了高压超高压变质作用;该带晋宁期长英质片麻岩花岗岩广泛出露;在其北部麻粒岩和榴辉岩密切伴生。