大菱鲆早期发育过程中免疫器官的发生

应用组织切片研究了大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)初孵仔鱼至60 日龄幼鱼免疫器官的发育过程。结果表明, 免疫器官原基出现的先后顺序是头肾、脾脏和胸腺。1 日龄仔鱼可以观察到头肾原基, 包含未分化的造血干细胞。5 日龄时, 脾脏原基出现, 其淋巴化开始于27 日龄且发育速度较慢。13 日龄时, 大菱鲆仔鱼胸腺原基出现, 且发育速度较快, 分为外区和内区。在大菱鲆早期发育过程中, 胸腺和头肾之间出现细胞迁移现象。免疫器官淋巴化的顺序是胸腺、头肾和脾脏。在免疫器官发育后期, 脾脏和头肾中均发现了黑色素-巨噬细胞中心(MMCs), 脾脏中较丰富, 但在胸腺中尚未发现。在大菱鲆仔鱼早期发育阶段, 免疫器官尚未发育完善, 非特异性防御机制起着重要的免疫作用。     

Vestrogothia spinata (Phosphatocopina, Crustacea), Fossils of Orsten-type Preservation from the Upper Cambrian of Western Hunan, South China

Abstract: Fossils of Orsten-type preservation represented by the crustacean Skaracarida and Phosphatocopida were found in western Hunan, South China in 2005, including the important phosphatocopid species Vestrogothia spinata based on exquisitely preserved soft-bodied specimens that allow the first growth stage to be reestablished. The taxonomy of Vestrogothia spinata is revised employing the character of a two-divided limb stem of the mandible. A new foundation for the phylogeny of the Phosphatocopina using mandible characters related to crustacean appendages is postulated. Vestrogothia spinata has only previously been found from Sweden.     

Coupling between Primary Terrestrial Succession and the Trophic Development of Lakes at Glacier Bay, Alaska

The natural eutrophication of lakes is still an accepted concept in limnology, arising as it does from the earliest efforts to classify lakes and place them in an evolutionary sequence. Recent studies of newly formed lakes at Glacier Bay, Alaska, only partially support this idea, and suggest more variable trends in lake trophic development which are under local (catchment-level) control. Here we use sediment cores from several lakes in Glacier Bay National Park to examine the relationship between successional changes in catchment vegetation and trends in water-column nitrogen (a limiting nutrient) and lake primary production. Terrestrial succession at Glacier Bay follows several different pathways, with older sites in the lower bay being colonized directly by spruce (Picea) and by-passing a prolonged alder (Alnus) stage that characterizes younger upper-bay sites. Sediment cores from three sites spanning this successional gradient demonstrate that the variability in nitrogen trends among lakes is a consequence of the establishment and duration of N-fixing alder in the lake catchment. In the lower-bay lakes, diatom-inferred nitrogen concentrations rise and then fall in concert with the transient appearance of alder in the catchment, while in the upper bay, high nitrogen concentrations are sustained by the continuous dominance of alder. Diatom accumulation, a proxy for whole-lake biological productivity, increases steadily at all three sites during the first century following lake formation, but declines in more recent times at the lower-bay sites in apparent response to the disappearance of alder and decreasing lake-water nitrogen. These results demonstrate a tight biogeochemical coupling between terrestrial succession and lake trophic change during the early developmental history of Glacier Bay lakes.     

Relative abundance of snapper (Chrysophrys auratus) across habitats within an estuarine system

Many fish species rely on estuarine nursery habitats as they transition to adult life stages. Quantifying nursery value, however, requires identification of the life stages (often small and short-lived) that utilise nursery habitats, and survey methods that provide comparable estimates across habitats. We focused our surveys on post-settlement snapper (Chrysophrys auratus) using video camera deployments across habitats within a northeastern New Zealand harbour. Post-settlement snapper abundance was higher among structured habitat types relative to bare sediments, with the type of structured habitat not influential. The exception appeared to be for reef habitat (although sampling was limited). Reef sites were structurally complex, but largely inhabited by older life stages (snapper and other fish species). Overall, nursery value for snapper appears to be connected to structure, rather than structure type. This result emphasises the importance of a broadened scope to coastal fishery management, one that incorporates not just fish extraction, but also habitat maintenance or restoration.     

大黄鱼早期发育过程中免疫器官的发生

应用显微与超微技术研究了大黄鱼(Pseudosciaena crocea)初孵仔鱼至60日龄幼鱼免疫器官——头肾、胸腺与脾脏的发育.结果表明,免疫器官原基出现的先后顺序是头肾、脾脏和胸腺.3日龄仔鱼出现头肾原基,原始造血干细胞最早被发现于头肾,很快分化成不同类型的细胞.4日龄仔鱼出现脾脏原基和胸腺原基.脾脏靠近内脏,含大量窦状隙,有丰富的毛细血管、血细胞与血小板.胸腺是最迟出现的淋巴器官,但发育较快.胸腺位于鳃腔背上角,主要由胸腺细胞(淋巴细胞)和上皮细胞组成,分为外区和内区,二者虽没有明显界限,但容易区分.免疫器官出现小淋巴细胞顺序是胸腺、头肾和脾脏;淋巴组织的发育相对滞后.在大黄鱼仔鱼早期发育阶段,非特异性免疫系统起着重要作用.     

Seasonal and ontogenetic patterns of habitat use in coral reef fish juveniles

We investigated the diversity of patterns of habitat use by juveniles of coral reef fishes according to seasons and at two spatial scales (10–100 m and 1–10 km). We conducted underwater visual censuses in New Caledonia's Lagoon between 1986 and 2001. Co-inertia analyses highlighted the importance of mid-shelf habitats at large spatial scale (1–10 km) and of sandy and vegetated habitats at small spatial scale (10–100 m) for most juveniles. Among all juvenile species, 53% used different habitats across seasons (e.g. Lutjanus fulviflamma and Siganus argenteus) and 39% used different habitats as they grow (e.g. Lethrinus atkinsoni and Scarus ghobban). During their ontogeny, at large and small scales, respectively, 21% and 33% of the species studied showed an increase in the number of habitats used (e.g. L. fulviflamma, L. atkinsoni), 10% and 3% showed a decrease in the number of habitats used (e.g. Amphiprion melanopus, Siganus fuscescens), 23% and 3% showed a drastic change of habitat used (e.g. S. ghobban, Scarus sp.) whereas 46% and 61% showed no change of habitat used (e.g. Lethrinus genivittatus, Ctenochaetus striatus). Changes in habitat use at both small and large spatial scales occurred during the ontogeny of several species (e.g. S. ghobban, Scarus sp.). Results pointed out the different spatial and temporal scales of juvenile habitat use to account for in conservation decisions regarding both assemblage and species-specific levels.     

许氏创孔海百合Traumatocrinus hsui的形态定量分析和个体发育过程

Traumatocrinus hsui Mu, 1949是关岭生物群的重要组成成员,以数量众多、保存精美、营假浮游生活闻名于世。笔者等通过对5件群体保存标本中的127个大小不同个体的系统描述和形态定量分析,认为T. hsui萼部与整个冠部存在异速生长的特征,个体发育过程中腕的级数和数目逐渐增加;T. hsui的个体发育可分为3个时期6个阶段,即幼年期（Ⅰ、Ⅱ）、少年期（Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ）、成年期;幼年期：个体较小,冠高小于26 mm,腕分枝至4级;少年期：个体中等,冠高26～130 mm,腕分枝至7级;成年期：个体较大,冠高大于130 mm,腕分枝至8级。前人在关岭生物群中研究命名的Traumatocrinus hsui enormis Mu, 1949,Traumatocrinus kueichouensis Mu, 1949,Traumatocrinus uniformis Mu, 1949,Traumatocrinus sp. Mu, 1949,Traumatocrinus guanlingensis Yu et al., 2000和Traumatocrinus xinpuensis Wang et al., 2002等均为T. hsui的同种异名,其命名标本为个体发育的不同阶段或局部特征。     

凡纳对虾个体发育早期的同工酶研究

采用聚丙烯酰胺梯度凝胶电泳技术，对凡纳对虾(Penaeus vannamei)个体发育早期6个时期的11种同工酶系统(EST、ALP、ACP、GDH、MDH、LDH、AAT、ME、LAP、ADH、AMY)进行研究。结果表明，凡纳对虾在幼体发育阶段已基本具备分解代谢蛋白质、脂类、碳水化合物的酶系。在早期发育过程中，EST同工酶系最为复杂，显示5-15条谱带，至少由6个位点编码；整个发育早期阶段GDH表达很弱，未见R-AMY及Q_AMY的表达；ALP、GDH、AMY及EST在无节幼体期表达很弱或未见表达；ACP、MDH、ME、ADH及AMY酶谱从糠虾幼体第Ⅲ期开始谱带数明显增加；除LAP、AAT酶谱简单且各期变化差异不大外，其它9种同工酶均随发育进程表现出明显差异。     

鮸鱼(Miichthys miiuy)仔、稚鱼发育生长方式及其生态学意

采用实验生态学方法,进行了鮸鱼仔稚鱼发育生长方式及其生态学意义研究。结果表明,鮸鱼的形态学变化和器官分化主要发生在仔鱼期。仔鱼期头部和尾部快于躯干部的生长。仔鱼头部(拐点:9.80mm体长)、眼径(8.87mm)和口径(23.40mm)的正异速生长为仔鱼的呼吸和摄食提供了有利条件;尾长(16.40mm)正异速生长为减少仔鱼运动能耗和成功逃避捕食者准备了条件;虽然躯干部生长比较缓慢,但是体高呈现正异速生长(11.20mm),这可能与仔鱼消化系统为满足其迅速发育的营养需要而快速生长及鳔的发育有关。结果表明,鮸鱼在早期发育阶段优先发育对生长生存起关键作用的器官,即运动、视觉和摄食器官。但在稚鱼阶段,其主要长度量度相对于体长指标均呈现负异速成长。