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451.
Groundwater contamination: risk management and assessment for landfills in Mar del Plata, Argentina 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
This study presents a program for risk management in the contamination of groundwater resulting from leachate in landfills
at Mar del Plata (Argentina). The program includes prediction, prevention, monitory observation and mitigation as actions
that must be taken prior to, during, and after contamination occurs. This routine aids in the identification of weak points
and failures of the program for those who are in charge of making decisions, and will allow better use of limited financial
and technical resources based on planning, thus minimizing disconnected determinations.
Results of the prediction stage were confirmed through monitoring. The presence of a plume of contamination more than 100 m
from the landfill was shown, thus proving that implementation of a monitoring plan to follow the development of the contaminated
plume must be implemented, particularly in populated areas which depend on residential wells for their water supply.
Received: 8 May 2000 · Accepted: 14 August 2000 相似文献
452.
The Velenje area (almost 200 km2 with over 31,000 inhabitants) is based on the Šalek Valley, which became a leading area of industrialisation and urbanisation
after the Second World War, with consequent pollution problems. Various industrial plants polluted the river Paka while more
serious hazards arose through the coal mine which is a still causing landscape subsidence and the thermal power station in
the neighbourhood of Šoštanj which is a major source of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide pollution. In 1987 there was an
ecological protest which marked the beginning of a sustainable development strategy for the community. During the past decade
programmes have dealt with the degradation of air, soil and water to achieve cleaner air, a transformation in landuse and
enhancement the river's formerly weak self-purifying capabilities. This article examines the changes in the valley since the
attention of the authorities was drawn to the deterioration of living conditions. Despite the pressures of transition which
have seen unemployment rising to over ten percent, significant environmental improvements have been made and the area stands
as a model for the rest of the country.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
453.
Ecological conflicts in Poland 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Transformation of the political system, observed in Poland for 10 years in connection with economic restructuring and basic
socio-economic reforms to harmonise with European Union structures, is also evident in terms of environmental management.
Pollution has been reduced in many ways but the rise in living standards, linked with the rapid growth of cars and other forms
of consumption, has had a negative effect and environmental conditions have deteriorated in the central areas of large cities.
The growth of waste water and refuse is a considerable problem. More areas are now officially protected and the three levels
of local government established at the beginning of January 1999 (voivodeship, district and community) all have certain defined
environmental protection responsibilities which are cumulatively greater than before. Meanwhile there is a greater awareness
in society of environmental issues, although it does not yet lead to a high level of participation in protection work. However,
there are strongly-expressed opinions on the ecological acceptability of certain economic developments and conflicts are frequently
arising within communities and local governments and also between investors on the one side and ecological organisations and
environmental protection institutions on the other. Most controversial are new roads, power stations (like the Zarnowiec nuclear
project) and reservoirs like the one on the Dunajec river at Czorsztyn. Local communities frequently resist plans for waste
dumps, incinerating plants and other developments which are seen as injurious to health or the quality of life. The planned
reprivatisation of the state-owned forests is also criticised by foresters and ecological movements. Conflicts are likely
to grow as economic development accelerates but better information and greater public understanding of the need for sustainability
should make for consensus.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
454.
Karen A. Hudson-Edwards Mark G. Macklin Jerry R. Miller Paul J. Lechler 《Journal of Geochemical Exploration》2001,72(3)
The Río Pilcomayo rises on the Cerro Rico de Potosí precious metal-polymetallic tin deposits of Bolivia, and flows in a southeasterly direction for ca. 600 km to Bolivia's southern border with Argentina. Mining of the Potosí deposits has occurred continuously since 1545, generating large quantities of waste materials in the headwater of the basin. In addition, a tailings dam breach at the Porco mine in 1996 released an estimated 235 000 m3 of tailings and fluid into the upper reaches of the Río Pilaya, the largest tributary to the Pilcomayo.Concentrations of As, Sb, Cd, Cu, Pb, Hg, Ag, Tl and Zn in contemporary channel sediments upstream of the Pilaya confluence are significantly elevated above background values. Elevated levels appear to be associated with pyrite- and other sulphide mineral-bearing tailings materials transported more than 200 km downstream of the Potosí mines. Significant downstream declines in elemental concentrations occur within 15 km, and again between 150 and 200 km, from the mines. The initial decrease in concentrations is due to the rapid dilution of nearly pure tailings effluent released to the river from milling facilities near Potosí. The latter decrease results from a combination of geomorphic processes including the storage of sediment-borne metals within the channel bed and the influx of ‘clean’ sediment from several large tributaries. Downstream of the Pilaya confluence, concentrations of Cu, Pb, Hg and Zn are only slightly elevated above background values, and Ag, Cd, Sb and Tl cannot be distinguished from background levels. These data suggest that while the Porco tailings spill may have had a significant short-term impact on sediment and water quality along the lower reaches of the Río Pilcomayo, its longer-term impacts were limited. Metals stored and eroded from alluvial deposits of historical age in upstream reaches appear to be an important source of metals to the river today. An additional, and perhaps more significant source, is the release of tailings effluent to the river from modern milling operations. The transport of these contaminants downstream of Icla (203 km from Potosí) appears to be restricted by aggradational processes occurring in the vicinity of Puente Sucre. In addition, downstream of the confluence of the Río Pilaya, inputs of large amounts of ‘clean’ sediment have caused dilution of the metal contaminants. Data from other studies where similar geomorphic processes have occurred suggest that the metals in the upper Pilcomayo may eventually be moved downvalley as the aggradational processes are reversed and channel stabilisation occurs. Thus, the most significant impacts of metal contamination may not be realised in downstream areas for decades. 相似文献
455.
洞庭湖区的区域环境水文地质现状 总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13
据综合污染指数计算分析,洞庭湖区域浅层地下水分为重度,中度、轻度和非污染4个等级。区域环境水文地质恶化的主要原因是工农业生产,血吸虫防治和居民生活所造成的人为污染,应重点从保护自然环境,合理开采地下水、科学使用农药化肥,改革工业结构,健全环保法规等方面进行预防和治理。 相似文献
456.
系统介绍了泥浆材料的现状及发展趋势,重点叙述了水基泥浆、油基泥浆及合成基泥浆这3大类泥浆材料的现状及发展趋势。 相似文献
457.
Impacts of the Kuwait Oil Fires on the Mount Qomolangma Region 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Mt. Qomolangma (also known as Mt. Everest), the world’s highest mountain, is situated over the world’s highest plateau, the Tibetan Plateau. Because of its height and because of its distance from industrialized areas, the environmental state of the Mt. Qomolangma region can normally be considered “undisturbed”. It is interesting to investigate how this “undisturbed” state has been changing with time and whether it has been influenced by large environmentally disruptive events such as the Kuwait oil fires of 1990 and 1991 (Small, 1991). In order to do this, riv-er water samples were collected from the Rongpu River at Rongpu Temple Station in the summers of 1992 and 1993, as was done in 1975, and aerosol samples were collected in the summer of 1992 at the same station as was done in 1980. River water samples were analyzed using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) at the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Aerosol samples were analyzed using proton-induced x-ray emission (PIXE) at the University of Fudan in Shanghai. The results show that the concentrations of chemical species in the river water at Rongpu Temple Station were much higher in the summer of 1992 than they were in 1975 and 1993, and the concentrations of atmospheric chemical species were much higher in 1992 than they were in 1980. The environment of the north slope of Mt. Qomolangma was therefore heavily polluted before and/or during the summer of 1992, possibly due to the Kuwait oil fires in 1990 and 1991. 相似文献
458.
R. N. Colvile T. W. Choularton J. N. Cape B. J. Bandy K. N. Bower R. A. Burgess T. J. Davies G. J. Dollard M. W. Gallagher K. J. Hargreaves B. M. R. Jones S. A. Penkett R. L. Storeton-West 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1996,24(3):211-239
Four case studies are described, from a three-site field experiment in October/November 1991 using the Great Dun Fell flow-through reactor hill cap cloud in rural Northern England. Measurements of total odd-nitrogen nitrogen oxides (NO
y
) made on either side of the hill, before and after the air flowed through the cloud, showed that 10 to 50% of the NO
y
, called NO
z
, was neither NO nor NO2. This NO
z
failed to exhibit a diurnal variation and was often higher after passage through cloud than before. No evidence of conversion of NO
z
to NO3
- in cloud was found. A simple box model of gas-phase chemistry in air before it reached the cloud, including scavenging of NO3 and N2O5 by aerosol of surface area proportional to the NO2 mixing ratio, shows that NO3 and N2O5 may build up in the boundary layer by night only if stable stratification insulates the air from emissions of NO. This may explain the lack of evidence for N2O5 forming NO3
- in cloud under well-mixed conditions in 1991, in contrast with observations under stably stratified conditions during previous experiments when evidence of N2O5 was found. Inside the cloud, some variations in the calculated total atmospheric loading of HNO2 and the cloud liquid water content were related to each other. Also, indications of conversion of NO
x
to NO
z
were found. To explain these observations, scavenging of NO
x
and HNO2 by cloud droplets and/or aqueous-phase oxidation of NO2
- by nitrate radicals are considered. When cloud acidity was being produced by aqueous-phase oxidation of NO
x
or SO2, NO3
- which had entered the cloud as aerosol particles was liberated as HNO3 vapour. When no aqueous-phase production of acidity was occurring, the reverse, conversion of scavenged HNO3 to particulate NO3
-, was observed. 相似文献
459.
Loreto Donoso Rodrigo Romero Alberto Rondón Emmanuel Fernandez Pedro Oyola Eugenio Sanhueza 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1996,25(2):201-214
The levels of low molecular weight hydrocarbons were measured at pristine sites and rural locations affected by hydrocarbon emissions from oil and gas producing fields in Venezuela. At the clean sites, lower concentrations of C2 to C6 alkanes were observed, whereas, in comparison with remotes sites, very much higher levels were measured at the polluted sites. Alkenes present relatively high concentrations, with isoprene being the most abundant, all over the study region. The main sources of alkenes are likely to be natural, mainly from vegetation. The levels of alkanes recorded at the clean sites and the alkene levels found everywhere in the region are in agreement with the values reported for other clean sites in the tropics. The increase of ozone production capacity due to the anthropogenic emissions of alkanes from oil and gas fields was estimated. Due to the presence in the atmosphere of important amounts of naturally emitted isoprene, ethene and propene, which makes a substantial contribution to the reactivity of the hydrocarbon mixture, a small increase (<5%) was estimated to occur in the capacity of the ozone production at a regional scale during the rainy season. 相似文献
460.
LTkemskS0tu.ce0fL0ng-mstance0nflpeAncEwiceringSincel992,thenskassessmentoflongdistanceoilpipeline(LDOP)inN0rthwestChinahasbeenputtoagendasystematically.TheLD0PconstruCtionfromLiuyUantowntoLu0yangcltymakeuPthemajorpipelineengineeringwhichstrotchesover2,ll5kmandservesasoneofthemaJorcrudeoilpipelinesinnorthWestinlandroponofChina(Figurel).Theriskeventinducedbynaturaldisasterscanbedividedintofourwaysfl.EaffoquakcIhhistory,LD0PenrouteroponsexPenontaleafthquakes.Theearthquakemagntude,scal… 相似文献