Linkage of deep sea rapid acidification process and extinction of benthic foraminifera in the deep sea at the Paleocene/Eocene transition

Ocean Drilling Program Leg 199 Site 1220 provides a continuous sedimentary section across the Paleocene/Eocene (P/E) transition in the carbonate‐bearing sediments on 56–57 Ma oceanic crust. The large negative δ¹³C shift in seawater is likely due to the disintegration of methane hydrate, which is expected to be rapidly changed to carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and well‐oxygenated seawater, leading to a reduction in deep‐sea pH. A pH decrease was very likely responsible for the emergence of agglutinated foraminiferal fauna as calcareous fauna was eliminated by acidification at the P/E transition at Site 1220. The absence of the more resistant calcareous benthic foraminifera and the presence of the planktonic foraminifera at Site 1220 is interesting and unique, which indicates that calcareous benthic foraminifera suffered greatly from living on the seafloor. Box model calculation demonstrates that, assuming the same mean alkalinity as today, pCO₂ must increase from 280 ppm to about 410 ppm for the calcite undersaturation in the deep ocean and for the oversaturation in the surface ocean during the P/E transition. The calculated increased pCO₂ coincides with paleo‐botanical evidence. The current global emission rate (～7.3 peta (10¹⁵) gC/y) of anthropogenic carbon input is approximately 30 times of the estimate at the P/E transition. The results at the P/E transition give an implication that the deep sea benthic fauna will be threatened in future in combination with ocean acidification, increased sea surface temperature and more stratified surface water.     

利用LS+AR模型和激发函数预报地球自转参数

分别采用LS+AR组合模型和包含大气角动量、海洋角动量的流体激发函数对地球自转参数进行长期预报。数值实验表明,激发函数预报精度优于LS+AR组合模型,其中大气角动量激发函数预报精度优于海洋角动量激发函数。     

中亚地区中、南天山造山带构造演化及成矿背景分析

横贯中亚地区的中、南天山造山带,在元古宙末罗迪尼亚超大陆裂解时,先后以中天山南缘断裂为主线分裂出被洋区围限的众多大小不一的地块群。斜贯全区的塔拉斯-费尔干纳断裂,在古生代演化过程中具有转换断层性质,明显控制了南天山东西两侧的构造演化及成矿过程的差异性发展。中天山微板块北缘发育寒武纪-奥陶纪古洋盆,其南缘西段由寒武纪到中泥盆世经历两次扩张,形成多岛洋的构造格局,其中志留纪洋区被动陆缘上的碳硅质砂页岩建造成为金矿床的最佳赋存层位;东段洋区从震旦纪开始扩张,直到晚泥盆世闭合,晚石炭世南天山东西两侧在造山构造极性上发生西段由南向北、而东段由北向南呈相反方向逆掩推覆的造山过程,同时伴有碰撞型花岗岩浆活动,形成了钨、锡、铌-钽、钼、铜、铅锌等多金属矿床。晚二叠世-三叠纪塔拉斯-费尔干纳断裂以右旋走滑运动为特征,伴随有后碰撞型花岗岩浆活动,从而为汞锑成矿带的生成奠定了基础。侏罗纪塔拉斯-费尔干纳断裂进入走滑拉分期。新生代印度板块向北推挤,致使南天山发生挤压缩短而强烈抬升隆起。     

青藏高原蛇绿岩和古洋壳恢复重建研究中的问题讨论

青藏高原蛇绿岩和古洋壳恢复重建研究中的问题讨论     

The effect of diapycnal mixing on the ventilation and CFC-11 uptake in the Southern Ocean

1. Introduction Ocean General Circulation Models (OGCMs) arekey tools in the assessment of the future ocean up-take of atmospheric greenhouse gases and heat. Fur-thermore, whereas nature experiences one realisationof the climate state, climate models can be used as alaboratory to produce a multitude of climate realisa-tions, and by that contribute to the understanding ofthe variability and stability properties of the system.It is, in this respect, crucial to evaluate the climatemodels ag…     

芳香族分子示踪在海洋油气勘探中的开发和应用

苯 (benzene)、甲苯 (toluene)、乙苯 (ethylbenzene)和二甲苯 (xylene) (缩写为BTEX)等单环芳烃化合物是原油的主要成分。地层水中苯的痕量分布作为油气藏分子示踪的研究 ,得到国外石油地球化学家们的广泛重视。Burtell等人利用测试海洋石油钻井附近地层水中苯系化合物的含量确定新井位 ,在海洋油气资源勘探方面获得了巨大成功。文中主要介绍了国内在海洋石油勘探的随钻检测和面积化探中应用该类指标的效果和相关方法。通过渤中凹陷试验区取得的地球化学成果 ,验证并揭示了芳香族化合物中分子量级的BTEX指标与油气藏的关系。BTEX指标异常与油气藏直接相关 ,与烷烃类指标相比具有高分辨、高精度特点 ,是有价值的海洋油气地球化学勘探指标。BETX指标应用的关键是高精度测试出样品中芳香族化合物的分子级含量 ,激光单原子高技术为该技术的应用提供了技术保证。在油气资源勘探中 ,利用此指标 ,结合测井、地震等地球物理方法综合分析研究可以减小多解性 ,获得较好的预测效果。     

Shallow structure beneath the Central Volcanic Complex of Tenerife from new gravity data: Implications for its evolution and recent reactivation

We present a new local Bouguer anomaly map of the Central Volcanic Complex (CVC) of Tenerife, Spain, constructed from the amalgamation of 323 new high precision gravity measurements with existing gravity data from 361 observations. The new anomaly map images the high-density core of the CVC and the pronounced gravity low centred in the Las Cañadas caldera in greater detail than previously available. Mathematical construction of a sub-surface model from the local anomaly data, employing a 3D inversion based on “growing” the sub-surface density distribution via the aggregation of cells, enables mapping of the shallow structure beneath the complex, giving unprecedented insights into the sub-surface architecture. We find the resultant density distribution in agreement with geological and other geophysical data. The modelled sub-surface structure supports a vertical collapse origin of the caldera, and maps the headwall of the ca. 180 ka Icod landslide, which appears to lie buried beneath the Pico Viejo–Pico Teide stratovolcanic complex. The results allow us to put into context the recorded ground deformation and gravity changes at the CVC during its reactivation in spring 2004 in relation to its dominant structural building blocks. For example, the areas undergoing the most significant changes at depth in recent years are underlain by low-density material and are aligned along long-standing structural entities, which have shaped this volcanic ocean island over the past few million years.     

Earth tides observed by gravity and GPS in southeastern Alaska

We analyzed gravity data obtained in Juneau and global positioning system (GPS) data obtained from three PBO sites in southeastern Alaska (SE-AK), which are part of a US research facility called ‘EarthScope’, and we compared the obtained tidal amplitudes and phases with those estimated from the predicted tides including both effects of the body tide and ocean tide. Global tide models predict the ocean tides in this region of complex coastline and bathymetry. To improve the accuracy of prediction, we developed a regional ocean tide model in SE-AK.Our comparison results suggest: (1) by taking into account the ocean tide effect, the amplitude differences between the observation and the predicted body tide is remarkably reduced for both the gravity and displacement (e.g. for the M₂ constituent, 8.5–0.3 μGal, and 2.4–0.1 cm at the AB50 GPS site in Juneau in terms of the vector sum of three components of the north–south, east–west and up–down), even though the ocean tide loading is large in SE-AK. (2) We have confirmed the precise point positioning (PPP) method, which was used to extract the tidal signals from the original GPS time series, works well to recover the tidal signals. Although the GPS analysis results still contain noise due to the atmosphere and multipath, we may conclude that the GPS observation surely detects the tidal signals with the sub-centimeter accuracy or better for some of the tidal constituents. (3) In order to increase the accuracy of the tidal prediction in SE-AK, it is indispensable to improve the regional ocean tide model developed in this study, especially for the phase.