The Role of Continental Crust and Lithospheric Mantle in the Genesis of Cameroon Volcanic Line Lavas: Constraints from Isotopic Variations in Lavas and Megacrysts from the Biu and Jos Plateaux

We present a combined Sr, Nd, Pb and Os isotope study of lavasand associated genetically related megacrysts from the Biu andJos Plateaux, northern Cameroon Volcanic Line (CVL). Comparisonof lavas and megacrysts allows us to distinguish between twocontamination paths of the primary magmas. The first is characterizedby both increasing ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb (19·82–20·33)and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr (0·70290–0·70310), and decreasing_Nd (7·0–6·0), and involves addition of anenriched sub-continental lithospheric mantle-derived melt. Thesecond contamination path is characterized by decreasing ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb(19·82–19·03), but also increasing ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr(0·70290–0·70359), increasing ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os(0·130–0·245) and decreasing _Nd (7·0–4·6),and involves addition of up to 8% bulk continental crust. Isotopicsystematics of some lavas from the oceanic sector of the CVLalso imply the involvement of a continental crustal component.Assuming that the line as a whole shares a common source, wepropose that the continental signature seen in the oceanic sectorof the CVL is caused by shallow contamination, either by continent-derivedsediments or by rafted crustal blocks that became trapped inthe oceanic lithosphere during continental breakup in the Mesozoic. KEY WORDS: crustal contamination; CVL; megacrysts; ocean floor; osmium isotopes     

Application of 50 multi-dimensional discrimination diagrams and significance tests: deciphering compositional similarities and differences between Hawaiian and Icelandic volcanism

As an innovative approach, I use multi-dimensional diagrams presented by our group during 2004–2013 and respective probability estimates for the newer diagrams to evaluate similarities and differences between the same magma types (subalkaline basalt, basic magma other than subalkaline basalt, and intermediate magma) from the Hawaiian Islands and Iceland. The known ocean island setting of the Hawaiian Islands was reproduced from these 50 multi-dimensional diagrams for basic, intermediate, and acid magmas. The possible influence of the mid-ocean ridge system on Icelandic magmas was also confirmed from the diagrams for basic rocks. Evaluating magma compositional similarities and differences between the Hawaiian Islands and Iceland was complemented by the application of significance tests. Statistical inferences for the chemical elements and, more importantly, their log-ratios, successfully explained the similarities and differences in the tectonic settings for these two regions.     

Laser-ICP-MS U–Pb zircon ages and geochemical and Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic compositions of the Niyasar plutonic complex,Iran: constraints on petrogenesis and tectonic evolution

We conducted geochemical and isotopic studies on the Oligocene–Miocene Niyasar plutonic suite in the central Urumieh–Dokhtar magmatic belt, in order better to understand the magma sources and tectonic implications. The Niyasar plutonic suite comprises early Eocene microdiorite, early Oligocene dioritic sills, and middle Miocene tonalite + quartzdiorite and minor diorite assemblages. All samples show a medium-K calc-alkaline, metaluminous affinity and have similar geochemical features, including strong enrichment of large-ion lithophile elements (LILEs, e.g. Rb, Ba, Sr), enrichment of light rare earth elements (LREEs), and depletion in high field strength elements (HFSEs, e.g. Nb, Ta, Ti, P). The chondrite-normalized rare earth element (REE) patterns of microdiorite and dioritic sills are slightly fractionated [(La/Yb)_n = 1.1–4] and display weak Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 0.72–1.1). Isotopic data for these mafic mantle-derived rocks display I_Sr = 0.70604–0.70813, ?_Nd (microdiorite: 50 Ma and dioritic sills: 35 Ma, respectively) = +1.6 and ?0.4, TDM = 1.3 Ga, and lead isotopic ratios are (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb) = 18.62–18.57, (²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb) = 15.61–15.66, and (²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb) = 38.65–38.69. The middle Miocene granitoids (18 Ma) are also characterized by relatively high REE and minor Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 0.77–0.98) and have uniform initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr (0.7065–0.7082), a range of initial Nd isotopic ratios [?Nd(T)] varying from ?2.3 to ?3.7, and Pb isotopic composition (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb) = 18.67–18.94, (²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb) = 15.63–15.71, and (²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb) = 38.73–39.01. Geochemical and isotopic evidence for these Eocene–Ologocene mafic rocks suggests that the magmas originated from lithospheric mantle with a large involvement of EMII component during subduction of the Neotethyan ocean slab beneath the Central Iranian plate, and were significantly affected by crustal contamination. Geochemical and isotopic data of the middle Miocene granitoids rule out a purely crustal-derived magma genesis, and suggest a mixed mantle–crustal [MASH (melting, assimilation, storage, and homogenization)] origin in a post-collision extensional setting. Sr–Nd isotope modelling shows that the generation of these magmas involved ～60% to 70% of a lower crustal-derived melt and ～30% to 40% of subcontinental lithospheric mantle. All Niyasar plutons exhibit transitional geochemical features, indicating that involvement of an EMII component in the subcontinental mantle and also continental crust beneath the Urumieh–Dokhtar magmatic belt increased from early Eocene to middle Miocene time.     

Thermodynamical constraints on the crystallization of a deep magma-ocean on Earth

It has been argued that the crystallization of the magma ocean (MO) after the Moon-forming impact led to the formation of a basal magma ocean (BMO). We search which primordial conditions of pressure, temperature and chemical composition could be compatible with such scenario, based on thermodynamical constraints. The major requirement is an early formation of a viscous layer (VL) of mantle material (i.e. bridgmanite (Bg)) at mid lower-mantle depth, which could insulate thermally and chemically the BMO from the rest of the mantle. To produce such VL, Bg grains should be: (i) neutrally buoyant at mid lower-mantle depths, (ii) sufficiently abundant to produce an efficient insulating layer, and (iii) aggregated to the boundary layer from above and below. The first and the second require a large amount of MO crystallization, up to more than 45%, even in the most favorable case of all Fe partitioning into the melt. The latter is very questionable because the Bg grains have a very small settling velocity. We also investigate different scenarios of MO crystallization to provide constraints on the resulting core temperature. Starting from a fully molten Earth, a temperature as high as ～4725 K could be found at the core–mantle boundary (CMB), if the Bg grains settle early atop the CMB. Such a basal layer of Bg can efficiently decouple from each other the cooling rates of the core and the mantle above the VL. If the settling velocity of Bg grains is too low and/or the MO is too turbulent, such basal VL may not form. In this case, the CMB temperature after MO solidification should stabilize at ～4350 K. At this temperature, enough Bg grains are crystallized to make the mushy mantle viscous at any mantle depth.     

关于发展洋板块地质学的思考

为揭示造山带物质组成和结构构造,发展洋板块地质学,阐明大陆形成演化过程和动力来源,应用板块构造理论和地质学方法,对造山带俯冲增生杂岩带、蛇绿岩带等大洋岩石圈板块地质建造、结构构造进行系统研究,寻找俯冲带岛弧前弧火成岩组合;研究洋板块初始俯冲过程中,从前弧玄武岩到玻安岩、高镁安山岩,再到弧拉斑玄武岩和钙碱性熔岩的岩浆作用分阶段递进演变历史,以揭示洋盆向大陆转化的原始弧性质和前弧火成岩组合及洋陆转换过程,为建立和发展洋板块地质学奠定科学基础.     

ENSO-7赤道西太平洋异常纬向风所驱动的热带太平洋次表层海温距平的循环

近几年的一系列分析研究表明，ENSO与异常东亚冬季风之间有相互影响，持续的强（弱）东亚冬季风通过引起赤道西太平洋地区的西（东）风异常对El Niño/La Niña的发生起着重要作用；赤道太平洋次表层海温异常（SOTA）的年际变化（循环）与ENSO发生有密切关系；ENSO的真正源在西太平洋暖池，暖池正（负）SOTA沿赤道温跃层东传到东太平洋，便导致El Niño/La Niña的爆发；在暖池正（负）SOTA沿赤道东传的同时，有负（正）SOTA沿10°N和10°S纬度带向西传播，从而构成SOTA的循环；热带太平洋SOTA循环的驱动者是赤道西太平洋的异常纬向风。进而可以认为：ENSO实质上是主要由异常东亚季风引起的赤道西太平洋异常纬向风所驱动的热带太平洋次表层海温距平的年际循环。     

国外关于年代际气候变率的研究

文中指出在气候变率与可预报性研究计划中,列出年代际气候变率及可预报性研究子计划充分显示出这个问题的重要性,回顾并总结了近年来年代际气候变率的研究成果,特别对全球气候变暖、海气相互作用、温盐环流、自然气候变率和ＥＮＳＯ的年代际变率的研究几个重点问题进行了讨论,最后对年代际气候变率研究今后的发展方向提出了看法。     

温室气体和硫酸盐气溶胶的辐射强迫作用

对GOALS4 .0海 陆 气耦合模式的相关部分进行了改进 ,主要改进包括温室气体的扩充和硫酸盐气溶胶“显式”方案的引入 ,并引入 2 0世纪温室气体的实际浓度变化以及硫循环模式模拟的硫酸盐气溶胶的三维全球浓度分布 ,模拟了温室气体和硫酸盐气溶胶造成的辐射强迫的空间分布和时间变化。全球平均的温室气体和硫酸盐气溶胶的辐射强迫分别为 2 .17W /m2 和 - 0 .2 9W /m2 ;温室气体造成的辐射强迫在空间上呈现明显的纬向结构 ,最大值 (大于 2 .5W/m2 )和最小值 (小于 1W /m2 )分别位于副热带和两极地区 ,在北半球主要工业区硫酸盐气溶胶的辐射强迫绝对值接近温室气体的辐射强迫值 (大于 - 2 .0W /m2 )。     

Intraseasonal Oscillation in the Tropical Indian Ocean

1. Introduction The intraseasonal oscillation (ISO or Madden- Julian Oscillation, MJO) in the tropical atmosphere has been studied extensively, including its existence, structure, evolution and propagation (Madden and Ju- lian, 1971; Murakami, et al., 198…     

Estimates of anthropogenic CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> uptake in a global ocean model

A global ocean general circulation model (L30T63) is employed to study the uptake and distribution of anthropogenic CO₂ in the ocean. A subgrid-scale mixing scheme called GM90 is used in the model. There are two main GM90 parameters including isopycnal diffusivity and skew (thickness) diffusivity. Sensitivities of the ocean circulation and the redistribution of dissolved anthropogenic CO₂ to these two parameters are examined. Two runs estimate the global oceanic anthropogenic CO₂ uptake to be 1.64 and 1.73 Pg C yr^-1 for the 1990s, and that the global ocean contained 86.8 and 92.7 Pg C of anthropogenic CO₂ at the end of 1994, respectively. Both the total inventory and uptake from our model are smaller than the data-based estimates. In this presentation, the vertical distributions of anthropogenic CO₂ at three meridional sections are discussed and compared with the available data-based estimates. The inventory in the individual basins is also calculated. Use of large isopycnal diffusivity can generally improve the simulated results, including the exchange flux, the vertical distribution patterns, inventory, storage, etc. In terms of comparison of the vertical distributions and column inventory, we find that the total inventory in the Pacific Ocean obtained from our model is in good agreement with the data-based estimate, but a large difference exists in the Atlantic Ocean, particularly in the South Atlantic. The main reasons are weak vertical mixing and that our model generates small exchange fluxes of anthropogenic CO₂ in the Southern Ocean. Improvement in the simulation of the vertical transport and sea ice in the Southern Ocean is important in future work.