能源转型背景下不可忽视的新能源:天然氢

世界能源结构正面临着从化石能源向非化石能源过渡的第3次转变,氢气作为易燃且燃烧时不产生污染的清洁能源,将在其中起到重要作用.目前,氢的工业生产主要通过煤、天然气等化石燃料以及电解水制取,对天然氢的勘探开发刚刚起步,仅在非洲马里开采出天然氢.但是,天然氢已在世界各地被陆续发现,据相关文献报道:天然氢可能来源于深源、水岩反...     

Variability patterns of the annual frequency and timing of low streamflow days across the United States and their linkage to regional and large‐scale climate

Low‐flow events can cause significant impacts to river ecosystems and water‐use sectors; as such, it is important to understand their variability and drivers. In this study, we characterise the variability and timing of annual total frequency of low‐streamflow days across a range of headwater streams within the continental United States. To quantify this, we use a metric that counts the annual number of low‐flow days below a given threshold, defined as the cumulative dry days occurrence (CDO). First, we identify three large clusters of stream gauge locations using a Partitioning Around Medoids (PAM) clustering algorithm. In terms of timing, results reveal that for most clusters, the majority of low‐streamflow days occur from the middle of summer until early fall, although several locations in Central and Western United States also experience low‐flow days in cold seasons. Further, we aim to identify the regional climate and larger scale drivers for these low‐streamflow days. Regionally, we find that precipitation deficits largely associate with low‐streamflow days in the Western United States, whereas within the Central and Eastern U.S. clusters, high temperature indicators are also linked to low‐streamflow days. In terms of larger scale, we examine sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies, finding that extreme dry years exhibit a high degree of co‐occurrence with different patterns of warmer SST anomalies across the Pacific and Northern Atlantic Oceans. The linkages identified with regional climate and SSTs offer promise towards regional prediction of changing conditions of low‐streamflow events.     

Sandy Desertification Status and its Driving Mechanism in North Tibet Plateau

As the main body of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, North Tibet Plateau is one of three major sandy desertification regions in China and also a representative sandy desertification zone of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Accordingly, it is an important region for the study of recent sandy desertification processes and formation mechanism. From such aspects as desertified land types, areas and distributions etc., this paper analyses in detail the sandy desertification status on North Tibet Plateau, and qualitatively and quantitatively deals with the main factors that affect recent sandy desertification processes and the driving mechanism. Research results show that North Tibet Plateau is an important sandy desertificafion region in China characterized with large desertified land areas, diversified types, high severity, extensive distributions and serious damages. Sandy desertification occurrence and development resulted from combined effects of natural factors, anthropogenic factors, natural processes and man-made processes, of which climatic change is the main driving force.     

Discovery of anomalous gallium enriched in stone coal: Significance,provenance and recommendations

Gallium (Ga) is a critical mineral that plays an irreplaceable role in consumer electronics, clean energy technologies and the aerospace industry. Nowadays competition for gallium resources at the national strategic level has begun to emerge, but gallium resources are unevenly distributed globally, and their presence is not guaranteed. New discoveries revealed an average gallium concentration of thirty-one samples from M₁, M₂, M₃ and M₄ stone coal-bearing seams of the Cambrian strata on South Qinling Orogenic Belt in central China is 157 mg/kg (9.98–747 mg/kg), which is 27.6-fold higher than the global hard coal average, as well as the existing association of Mo–V–U–Cd–Zn–Ba–Se–Mg–Ni–Cu enrichment. Ga average of these coal seams are 344 mg/kg (M₃, 44.5–747 mg/kg, n = 11), 270 mg/kg (M₄, 14.3–270 mg/kg, n = 5), 53.8 mg/kg (M₂, 22.6–75.4 mg/kg, n = 8) and 19.8 mg/kg (M₁, 9.98–34.9 mg/kg, n = 7) respectively, as well as the thickness of approximately 6, 12, 8, and 20 m, which be close to or exceed to the boundary grade standard (30 mg/kg) and minimum recoverable thickness (0.7 m) of gallium resources exploration. These findings indicate that the Cambrian stone coal deposits, especially in the middle and late Cambrian period, should be considered as promising alternative sources of gallium. The anomalous gallium-enriched sediments originated from a complex combination of hydrothermal fluids, original biomass and terrigenous materials. For the M₁ stone coal-bearing seams, gallium most likely occurred in the mode of GaAs, Ga_xIn_1-xAs and GaO(OH), while modes of gallium in the M₂ to M₄ seams is interrelated with the organic affinity and clay minerals. The crude reserve estimate of gallium resources in central China is approximately 10.06 × 10⁴ tons, corresponding to a super-large coal-hosted gallium ore deposit. The unique paleogeographic location and geological structure in central China resulted that this newly discovered deposit is a unique type of gallium-enriched deposit that has been discovered worldwide. These discoveries will provide the critical parameters when developing distinctive beneficiation processes and appropriate extraction procedures, as well as guidance and effective for future prospecting regions of gallium resources around the globe, involving a combination consider the distribution of regional deep–large fault zones and the middle to late Cambrian black rock series deposits.     

四川党坝锂辉石矿Ⅵ号脉工艺矿物学及锂的赋存状态研究

党坝锂辉石矿床位于四川可尔因矿田的东南部,其Ⅵ号脉是矿区新发现的稀有金属伟晶岩脉,矿石研究程度低。为合理开发利用党坝锂辉石矿床锂资源并且为选矿工艺流程的制定提供理论依据,文章以党坝锂辉石矿床Ⅵ号脉锂辉石矿石为研究对象,采用显微镜下观察、电子探针(EPMA)、激光剥蚀等离子质谱(LA-ICP-MS)、X射线衍射分析(XRD)、矿物自动定量分析系统(TIMA)和矿物解离分析仪(MLA)等测试手段,开展了详细的工艺矿物学研究。结果显示,矿石中Li₂O含量为0.99%,锂辉石是主要的矿石矿物,脉石矿物主要为长石和石英,其次为云母。锂辉石晶体虽然粒度粗细不均,但是多集中在中粗粒范围内(320~1 280 μm),属于均匀较易解离矿石类型。矿石中锂主要赋存于锂辉石中,锂辉石中锂的配分比为97.80%,伴生有Nb、Be等有益组分且达到综合回收指标值。LA-ICP-MS实测锂辉石中Li₂O的平均含量为6.88%,锂辉石单矿物电子探针结果显示锂辉石中含有FeO(0.45%~0.73%),且少量Fe、Mn等杂质充填在锂辉石的解理、裂隙中,会一定程度上限制锂辉石精矿品级。     

我国应急科普研究的发展现状与展望

应急科普主要是对自然灾害、事故灾难等突发公共事件预防与处置的知识和能力进行普及,分为日常应急科普和战时应急科普。近年来,我国应急科普研究与实践受到较多关注,专家学者们从应急管理角度开展应急科普体系、体制机制等研究,从传播效果角度开展应急科普内容、渠道等研究。国家对应急管理和科普的高度重视,决定了应急科普研究将持续受到关注。今后将主要聚焦应急科普体系现代化建设、应急科普宣教等主题展开理论研究和实践研究。     

改造型盆地油气赋存-成藏理论体系纲要

中国沉积盆地的鲜明个性特征之一是后期改造强烈而普遍。此特征深刻地影响着油气的赋存条件和成藏效应,明显增加了地质研究和油气勘探的难度。改造型盆地和盆地复杂改造地区已成为中国油气勘探和资源接替的重要领域。盆地后期改造的主要形式可分为隆升-剥蚀、沉降-深埋、热力作用、流体活动和构造变形五种类型。在自然界,多种地质作用同时参与的复合式改造更为普遍。改造型盆地特征复杂多样,油气赋存和成藏过程集多类含油气盆地中诸多油气藏之众合。本文将改造型盆地油气赋存-成藏的核心理论纲要式归纳为:原盆控源、过程控储、改造控藏、多源成藏、动态聚散、晚期定位。原盆控源,即改造型盆地的烃源岩是在改造前原盆富烃凹陷中所形成,改造后留存的烃源岩规模及特征决定盆地油气的贫富和分布。各类储层的形成和保存总体受岩石原生物质沉积-埋藏成岩和次生改造重塑两大阶段全过程的控制,称之为过程控储。盆地或地区后期改造过程及结果的个性特征直接控制着该地区油气的赋存、成藏-定位和分布特点,即改造控藏。后期多种形式的改造可引发多源油气富集成藏,既含来自不同深度、不同成熟度烃源岩的油气同储成藏,又有源自不同类型、不同世代烃源岩的油气混聚成藏,还包括烃类与各种非烃类气体同储或同盆共存成藏。盆地经受多期次构造变动和改造必然导致油气发生多次动态聚散和晚期成藏-定位。将晚期成藏与定位连在一起就较全面地概括和体现了不同时代盆地大多油气藏形成的要点和勘探界关注的重点。     

察尔汗盐湖别勒滩区段固态锂的赋存状态与分布特征

察尔汗盐湖别勒滩区段赋存大量具有开发潜力的固态锂资源,但目前对固态锂的赋存状态和分布特征研究较少。文章利用水溶法、稀酸溶法和全岩溶解法3种方法对该区4个钻孔的15件岩芯样品进行主微量元素分析。研究结果显示,水溶法的w(Li)(Li溶出量,余同)为23.37×10^-6～85.98×10^-6,稀酸溶法的w(Li)为47.77×10^-6～139.58×10^-6,全岩溶解法w(Li)为49.47×10^-6～151.64×10^-6。以同一样品全岩溶解所得的w(Li)为100%,水溶法、稀酸溶法的w(Li)平均值分别为56.44%和92.83%。结合矿物薄片鉴定、扫描电镜分析和X射线衍射的鉴定结果,岩芯样品中的矿物主要是石盐、杂卤石、光卤石、石英、绿泥石、钠长石、硬石膏、白云石、伊利石、菱镁矿和方解石等,推测固态锂大部分赋存于易溶盐类矿物,其余赋存于不易溶的碳酸盐、硫酸盐和硅酸盐等矿物中。根据4个钻孔岩芯样品的Li溶出量来看,察尔汗盐湖别勒滩区段固体钾盐层中固态锂的分...     

青藏高原盐湖铷铯资源现状、富集规律与提取技术

铷、铯是重要矿产资源,在航天、通讯、能源、医药、化学和电子设备等领域有着广泛用途。青藏高原盐湖铷铯资源主要分布于柴达木盆地和羌塘地块、拉萨地块的盆地,盐湖的铷铯资源主要来自于泉水和河水的补给。羌塘地块、拉萨地块的铷铯主要来自印度板块。笔者等收集了85个青藏高原盐湖铷铯含量和资源量数据,铷含量较高的盐湖有扎布耶和麻米错等,铯含量较高的盐湖有聂尔错和扎西错等。青藏高原盐湖氧化铷资源量共47.50 kt,为大型铷矿床规模的23.73倍;达到详查程度的资源量共37.40 kt。盐湖氧化铯资源量共28.53 kt,为大型铯矿床规模的14.265倍;达到详查程度的资源量共27.10 kt。85个盐湖中氧化铷的资源量达到大型矿床要求的盐湖有5个,达到中型矿床要求的盐湖有4个。氧化铯资源量达到大型矿床要求的盐湖有2个,达到中型矿床要求的盐湖有2个。盐湖铷铯在蒸发过程中基本处于浓缩阶段,残卤中铷铯浓度很高,扎布耶盐湖湖水蒸发残卤中铷、铯质量分数最高为0.496‰和0.372‰,拉果错残卤中铷、铯最高为0.84‰和1.76‰,麻米错残卤中铷、铯最高为0.224‰和0.297‰,这有利于铷铯的开发利用。目前,从盐湖卤水中提取铷、铯的方法以溶剂萃取法方法最具有应用前景。     

大别造山带石关地区变质岩风化壳中REY富集和分异研究

最新的找矿勘查在大别造山带变质岩风化壳中发现稀土元素（REY、REEs+Y）的富集,为揭示高纬度地区变质岩风化壳中REY风化富集规律提供了契机。本文以大别山地区石关变质岩风化壳剖面作为研究对象,通过岩相学、地球化学、XRD、V-SWIR、顺序提取实验等分析,探讨原生矿物-次生矿物转变、REY来源、迁移富集规律及分异机制。研究认为：石关风化壳的基岩为石英二长片麻岩,稀土元素总量（∑REY）范围为280×10-6~310×10-6,呈LREE相对富集的右倾式稀土配分型式,角闪石（∑REY=722×10-6~795×10-6）和榍石（∑REY=12635×10-6~13351×10-6）是基岩中主要的REY载体,也是风化壳内REY的主要来源,风化壳整体的稀土元素配分继承于基岩。风化壳剖面由下至上REY含量逐渐增高（∑REY=469×10-6~535×10-6）,对应的矿物组成上长石类矿物减少、石英和次生矿物（黏土矿物、铁锰氧化物等）增多,其中黏土矿物中伊利石含量逐渐减少,绿泥石、高岭石含量逐渐增多。顺序提取实验表明残余态是风化壳中REY的主要赋存状态（占比69％~88％）,越靠近风化壳上部,可被提取出的、活化的REY占比越高,活化的REY以离子交换、铁锰氧化物结合和有机质结合等方式被固定在风化壳中。(La/Yb)N指示离子吸附态、有机质结合态和铁锰氧化物态均显示HREY相对富集的稀土分异趋势。