Abiotic,residual and functional components of landforms

The concept of functional ecogeomorphology developed originally from the study of fluvial systems represents an insightful framework for describing landforms as structures adjusting to external physical forces, and also as functional components contributing to the complex play of interactions and reciprocal adjustments between biotic and abiotic elements of ecosystems. In this commentary we propose to extend the model of functional ecogeomorphology by classifying landforms in three fundamental components: abiotic, residual and functional. The various possible combinations of these three components are presented and discussed in the scope of evolutionary geomorphology. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

额济纳绿洲植物群落种间关系和生态位研究

根据61个天然植物群落样地的野外调查资料,采用生态位测度、方差比率法和基于2×2列联表的χ2检验、Ochiai关联指数、Pearson积矩相关系数和Spearman秩相关系数等方法,对额济纳绿洲植物群落主要物种进行了生态位和种间关联分析。结果表明：（1）胡杨（Populus euphratica）、柽柳（Tamarix ramosissima）、苦豆子（Sophora alopecuroide）生态位宽度值大,分别为该区的泛化种和乔木层、灌木层及草本层的优势种;（2）额济纳绿洲植物群落物种的总体联结性为不显著的正联结,大多数种对间呈中性联结（χ2<3.841,p>0.05）,物种趋向于独立分布。（3）种间联结系数（Ochiai指数）与生态位重叠之间极显著正相关,而生态位宽度与生态位重叠之间并无直接线性关系。     

土地利用变化的地形梯度特征与空间扩展——以北京市海淀区和延庆县为例

选择北京市海淀区、延庆县作为研究区,利用1992年、2002年遥感影像数据,借用地形位梯度指数,研究了土地利用变化的地形梯度特征及其空间扩展形势。研究表明:(1)海淀区建设用地受到经济和社会发展驱动明显,表现出既向低地形梯度位也向高地形梯度位扩展;但农业用地、果园因建设用地扩展受到挤压,表现为向更高地形位扩展态势;林地在高地形位得到了明显恢复,也有向更低的地形位扩张的趋势,但灌草地和未利用地在中高地形位受到林地挤压,低地形位受到农业用地、果园挤压,优势地形位明显萎缩;(2)延庆县建设用地扩展受地形位驱动作用明显,主要集中在低地形位区域;农业用地主要分布在较低地形位上,变化不大;果园在经济发展需求驱动下,向更高地形位扩展;林地在较高地形位得到较好恢复,对灌草地、未利用地产生了挤压作用,使得灌草地、未利用地在中高地形位的优势度降低,优势分布区间趋于萎缩。     

基于生态位理论的河北平原地下水开采潜力评价

传统的地下水开采潜力评价方法主要采用单个指标进行评价,难以全面科学地反映地下水开采潜力的影响要素。地下水的空间分布、动态变化受到经济社会发展、开采技术等多个因素影响,也与自身调节有关,这与生态位理论的观念吻合。文中提出地下水生态位的定义、计算公式;对河北平原9个主要城市进行地下水生态位计算、聚类分析,分析其地下水开采潜力;并与传统方法的评价结果进行对比。结果表明：除保定、秦皇岛和廊坊外,其他城市的两种方法的评价结果大致相似;差异分析说明地下水生态位的评价方法更全面、科学合理且符合实际。生态位理论将为地下水开采潜力评价分析提供一种新的、甚至是根本性的尝试。     

生态位理论在我国城市发展中的应用

该文将生态位理论用于城市研究，引入城市人口生态位和城市生态场势，并用二者的均衡协调程度分析了我国18个中心城市的发展现状，具体分为协调型，低人口生态位，高城市生态场势型和高人口生态位，低城市生态场势型三种类型，并针对不同的类型提出了今后的发展方向和发展重点。     

Climatic niche breadth can explain variation in geographical range size of alpine and subalpine plants

Understanding the environmental factors determining the distribution of species with different range sizes can provide valuable insights for evolutionary ecology and conservation biology in the face of expected climate change. However, little is known about what determines the variation in geographical and elevational ranges of alpine and subalpine plant species. Here, we examined the relationship between geographical and elevational range sizes for 80 endemic rhododendron species in China using Spearman’s rank-order correlation. We ran the species distribution model – maximum entropy modelling (MaxEnt) – with 27 environmental variables. The importance of each variable to the model prediction was compared for species groups with different geographical and elevational range sizes. Our results showed that the correlation between geographical and elevational range sizes of rhododendron species was not significant. Climate-related variables were found to be the most important factors in shaping the distributional ranges of alpine and subalpine plant species across China. Species with geographically and elevationally narrow ranges had distinct niche requirements. For geographical ranges, the narrow-ranged species showed less tolerance to niche conditions than the wide-ranged species. For elevational ranges, compared with the wide-ranged species, the narrow-ranged species showed an equivalent niche breadth, but occurred at different niche position along the environmental gradient. Our findings suggest that over large spatial extents the elevational range size can be a complementary trait of alpine and subalpine plant species to geographical range size. Climatic niche breadth, especially the range of seasonal variability, can explain species’ geographical range sizes. Changes in climate may influence the distribution of rhododendrons, with the effects likely being felt most by species with either a narrow geographical or narrow elevational range.     

巴音布鲁克高寒草原羊茅(Festuca ovina)群落生态位特征

为了解高寒草原羊茅群落植物生态位特征,运用Levins生态宽度指数和Cowell生态位相似性比例,对巴音布鲁克羊茅群落植物生态位宽度及生态位相似性比例进行计算.结果表明:9种植物4个资源维上羊茅的生态位宽度最大,其次为黄花棘豆、委陵菜,说明羊茅对环境的适应能力最强.生态位宽度较大的羊茅和紫花针茅与其他物种生态位相似性比例最高,说明羊茅和紫花针茅与其他物种存在着较大的资源竞争.而生态位较小的物种与其他物种生态位相似性比例较小.放牧使得羊茅群落内物种发生变化,在放牧压力持续增大的情况下,以羊茅和紫花针茅为优势种群的草原将向以黄花棘豆和委陵菜占优的退化方向演替.     

快速城市化地区生态系统对土地利用变化的响应——以长株潭城市群为例

采用土地利用经济生态位模型、土地利用程度综合指数模型和生态服务价值评价方法,结合长株潭区域1996—2005年的土地利用更新调查数据,研究该区域生态系统对土地利用变化的响应。结果表明：（1）长株潭城市群非农用地对农用地的捕获力呈逐年增强的趋势,土地利用整体上朝利用强度增大、广度增加的方向发展,而区域生态系统服务价值量则呈现逐年下降的趋势;（2）长株潭城市群生态服务功能价值量分别与土地利用生态位差值和土地利用综合指数呈显著的负相关关系,其中与土地利用综合指数相关度最高;（3）在推进新型城市化过程中,控制非农用地的外延扩展,增加农地转用的生态补偿,减小土地利用的经济生态位差值能有效抑制农地的快速减少,促进区域“经济”与“生态”的协调发展。     

The Change in Outgoing Long-wave Radiation before the Ludian MS6.5 Earthquake Based on Tidal Force Niche Cycles

The cycle process of the tidal force niche for the Ludian M_S6.5 earthquake occurring in Ludian County, Yunnan Province, China on August 3, 2014 was calculated. The earthquake occurred near the middle point phase. It indicates that the type of seismogenic fault that the tide force acted on belongs to the thrust fault. According to the tidal niche cycle,the abnormal OLR( Outgoing Long-wave Radiation) change was analyzed based on NOAA satellite data around the whole land area of China before and after the earthquake.The result shows that the OLR changed evidently with tide force change. Temporally,the change went through the evolution process of initial OLR rise → strengthening → abnormal peaking → attenuation → returning to normal; and spatially,the abnormal area wound its way along the Zhaotong-Ludian fault and went through a scattered → conversion →scattered process. This process is similar to the change process of rock breaking under stress loading. The results indicate that the tidal force of a celestial body could trigger an earthquake when the tectonic stress reaches its critical breaking point and the OLR anomaly is proportional to the seismic tectonic stress change. It is of great use to combine OLR and tidal force in earthquake precursory observation.