改进的模拟退火遗传算法在地下水管理中的应用

对于高度非线性、非凸的地下水管理模型,传统优化方法难以找到全局最优解。本文采用模拟退火遗传算法求解地下水管理模型,并从三个方面对算法进行改进:引入小生境技术,采用自适应交叉和变异概率,在选择过程中采用最优保存策略,从而提高算法的全局寻优能力和收敛速度。采用惩罚函数法处理约束条件。用Fortran 90语言编制了计算程序,并通过Schaffer测试函数验证了该算法不仅具有强大的全局寻优能力和局部搜索能力,而且具有较快的收敛速度和较高的优化精度。将该算法应用到某研究区地下水管理中,取得了较好的效果。     

塔里木河下游优势草本植物与地下水埋深的关系

对塔里木河下游区域的草本群落进行了调查,获取了其分布状况和群落特征资料,并记录相应的地下水埋深,探讨了区域内距离河流不同处地下水埋深与草本群落特征之间的关系。结果表明:(1)地下水埋深越大,草本群落的生物多样性越小,覆盖度越低,生态结构趋于简单,其中地下水埋深<6 m处草本群落的种类组成和物种多样性相对较高,>7 m处草本植物分布很少,部分地区也受到微地形和地下水埋深的双重影响;(2)在大尺度空间上,草本群落随地下水的分布特点与其他荒漠地区的分布规律基本一致,随着地下水埋深的增加,草本群落的演替次序为:高水位芦苇(Phragmites communis)群落、中水位鹿角草(Glossogyne tenuifolia)群落、中低水位骆驼刺(Alhagi sparsif)群落,不同地下水埋深对应的草本群落之间具有一定的差异性、相似性和连续性;(3)塔里木河下游优势草本物种的生态位宽度均不大,主要是受水环境条件的限制,芦苇与骆驼刺的生态位宽度相对较大,在区域内分布较广。     

Growth variability and stable isotope composition of two larval carangid fishes in the East Australian Current: The role of upwelling in the separation zone

The larvae of two carangid fishes, silver trevally (Pseudocaranx dentex) and yellowtail scad (Trachurus novaezelandiae), were compared among coastal water masses and the East Australian Current (EAC). Samples followed a north to south gradient including a southern region of upwelling, generated as the EAC separated from the coast. Mean larval carangid densities were greater in the mixed layer (10-30 m) than the surface, but there was no difference between inshore and offshore stations or along latitudinal gradients. Overall, P. dentex recent larval growth over two days pre-capture was faster than T. novaezelandiae, and faster at inshore, coastal stations than in the EAC. Integrated larval growth rate (mm d⁻¹) was usually faster at inshore stations for both species. T. novaezelandiae were enriched in both nitrogen (??¹⁵N) and carbon (??¹³C) stable isotopes relative to P. dentex. Larvae of both species captured within the upwelling region were enriched in ??¹⁵N and depleted in ??¹³C relative to other sites. Recent larval growth had a significant positive relationship with fluorescence (as a proxy of chlorophyll a biomass), and integrated larval growth rate had a significant positive relationship with fluorescence and larval isotope (??¹⁵N) composition. Recent and integrated growth of larval T. novaezelandiae and P. dentex was enhanced by EAC separation and upwelling, and also in coastal water; stimulated by food availability, and potentially through exploitation of a different trophic niche.     

策勒绿洲外围不同地下水埋深下主要优势植物的分布和群落特征

对塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘策勒绿洲外围地下水埋深与主要优势植物分布和群落特点的研究结果表明,植物的分布和群落特征受地下水埋深变化的影响。但群落的组成成分和生物多样性受到地貌特征和地下水埋深的双重影响。群落的差异性和间断性大于群落的连续性和相似性。群落分布随地下水埋深的变化与其他荒漠地区在大的空间演替规律上相一致,但在群落类型、特别是低水位地段群落演替序列上有明显不同。随着地下水埋深的变化,植物群落依次为:低水位的骆驼刺群落,较低水位的柽柳群落,中低水位的柽柳、胡杨群落,较高水位的芦苇群落,高水位的苦豆子群落,其中地下水埋深6.0 m以上地段是植物群落类型、种类组成和生物多样性都较为丰富的地区。绿洲外围植物中柽柳具有最大的环境资源利用比率,对环境的适应性最强。     

基于GIS的北京山区优势林分生态位分析

应用生态位理论,以北京山区森林资源为研究对象,分析优势林分的空间分布及其资源利用和环境适应能力的差异。基于GIS方法,建立优势林分空间分布数据库以及资源梯度信息数据库,分别采用Levins公式和Smith公式,在水分、热量、光照和土壤质量4维环境因子梯度上测定了研究区8个优势林分的生态位宽度,采用Pianka公式测定生态位重叠。结果表明:Smith公式考虑资源可利用性,得到的生态位宽度更能客观地反映优势林分资源空间利用程度;研究区各优势林分重叠度普遍较大,反映了对环境要求的相似性及资源共享的趋势性。     

地形位指数模型改进及其在植被覆盖评价中的应用

地形作为影响植被覆盖的重要因素,对植被恢复评价以及生态修复规划意义重大。地形位作为测度地形因子综合效应的指标,具有单一地形因子难以比拟的优势。然而,现有地形位指数算法以整个研究区为参照,未考虑空间异质性,难以反映植被生长的局部环境特征。基于地理学第三定律对地理环境相似的强调,融合“空间位置邻近”和“环境特征相似”,对传统地形位模型进行改进：(1)引入局部窗口算法,以突出局部地形特征;(2)在不同生境因子组合下测算地形位指数,以排除环境差异对地形位作用的干扰。案例研究表明,新模型有效提升了地形位指数对植被覆盖水平的解释力度;当考虑生境因子组合,且采用最优窗口时,局部窗口地形位指数与植被覆盖度之间的相关性最高。此外,通过观察不同生境组合下的地形位指数发现,在高热少水阴坡和高热少水阳坡条件下,植被覆盖度与局部窗口地形位指数具有更高相关性;可见,越是水资源相对匮乏区域,植被覆盖对局部窗口地形位的响应越敏感。本文有望为植被恢复评价与规划提供新的指标。     

多水源水库浮游植物优势种生态位及种间联结性动态分析:以山东峡山水库为例

为了解山东省战略水源地峡山水库在多水源（本地湖库水、长江水及黄河水）共存条件下,浮游植物优势种生态位季节变化和群落结构稳定性状况,于2019年对峡山水库10个代表样点进行浮游植物季度采样,并运用生态位宽度、生态位重叠值、方差比率法、卡方检验及联结系数对优势种生态位及种间关联性进行分析。结果显示,峡山水库四个季度共鉴定到浮游植物7门78属95种,其中优势种4门12属12种,除春季外,其他三季均以蓝藻类群为绝对优势,其中赖氏泽丝藻（Limnothrix redekei）、阿氏浮丝藻（Planktothrix agardhii）以及项圈假鱼腥藻（Pseudanabaena moniliformis）为全年优势种。多样性指数显示出较为一致的趋势,即春季浮游植物多样性较高,夏季多样性最低。优势种生态位宽度差异较大,变化范围在0.526~2.224,最大值、最小值分别为秋季的项圈假鱼腥藻和春季的小金色藻（Chromulina sp.）。项圈假鱼腥藻在多个季节具有最大的生态位宽度及较强的适应多样化生境的能力。生态位重叠显示项圈假鱼腥藻与其他多个优势蓝藻在不同季节具有最大的生态位重叠值,且其是唯一一个在春、夏和秋三季处于衰退期,而在冬季迅速发展的优势蓝藻。四个季度优势种总体关联性差异较为明显,群落结构不稳定。卡方检验显示76%的物种对为显著正联结关系,形成以项圈假鱼腥藻为主导,与其他优势蓝藻共同占有同一资源和空间的稳定演替模式。建议水库管理及调水除关注夏秋季可能的藻华外,还需密切关注低温季节藻类的异常增殖,尤其是冬季的项圈假鱼腥藻。研究可为胶东调水工程相关水库的水华预警和多水源调度提供理论依据和数据支撑。     

Resource Partitioning Among Planktivorous Fish Larvae and Fry in a Mediterranean Coastal Lagoon

Resource partioning among the planktivorous stages of eight fish species occurring in a Mediterranean coastal lagoon was studied. Five species were migratory mullets that spawned in the sea (Liza ramada, L. aurata, L. saliens, Chelon labrosusandMugil cephalus), while the other three species were resident and spawned in the lagoon (Atherina boyeri, Cyprinus carpioandGambusia holbrooki).Mullet fry exhibited similar diets, based on the consumption of zooplanktonic Crustacea such as copepods and cladocerans, although adult chironomids were also important.Gambusia holbrookiandA. boyerifed on small prey such as copepod nauplii, copepodites and rotifers, whileC. carpioconsumed larger prey preferentially (cladocerans and copepods).According to the trophic overlap and niche width results, seven species pairs could be competing in the estuary, although further experimental evidence is still required.     

Characterization of landscape pattern based on land economic niche change: A case study in Ganzhou,Gansu Province,China

Land use change has a profound impact on biodiversity and ecological processes, and is closely related to changes in landscape patterns. This paper introduces the theory and method of land economic niche into landscape ecology, which provides a new method for spatial characterization of urban and rural spatial landscape patterns. Based on this theory, this paper analyzes the landscape pattern of Ganzhou District by using Landsat images as data source in 1995, 2000, 2005,2010 and 2015. We calculated the land economic niche by applying the niche potential theory. Combined with the theory of landscape ecology, we explored the effects of the land economic niche change on the landscape pattern at a county scale.The results show that economic niche of construction land, watershed and farmland increased during 1995–2015, and grassland declined significantly. The economic niche of farmland, construction land, watershed and grassland show a negative correlation with the number of patches(NP), fragmentation index(FN) and the fractal dimension index(FD), and had a positive correlation with the aggregation index(AI). There was no significant correlation between the forest land economic niche and landscape metrics. The change of land economic niche has a driving effect on the landscape pattern of the county, which can represent the economic development direction of Ganzhou District. The land economic niche is closely related to the landscape type which can directly obtain an economic benefit.     

岷江上游山区聚落生态位空间分布特征研究

基于岷江上游山区藏-羌-回-汉聚落生态位和植被生境适宜性的空间分布,借助分形和贝叶斯模型,定量刻画聚落生态位的民族属性对山区聚落生态位的空间分布特征的影响。结果表明：① 岷江上游藏-羌-回-汉聚落生态位间隙度维数分别为0.949、0.942、0.890、0.960,汉族聚落生态位的高间隙度维数,揭示了山区汉族聚落封闭性特点。同时,流域内1 667个聚落生态位间隙度维数（0.946）与藏族（0.949）相似,表明藏族聚落生态位空间异质性特征能够反映整个流域山区聚落生态位空间分异程度。② 岷江上游藏-羌-汉-回聚落生态位内的植被生境适宜性指数均值分别为：2.816、2.622、2.529、2.644,说明山区聚落生态位的空间分布与植被生境相适宜。同时,流域内1 667个聚落生态位几何特征对植被生境的敏感程度（0.601）与羌族（0.610）相似,表明羌族聚落生态位的几何特征具有典型性。③ 藏-羌-回-汉聚落生态位的空间聚簇性地域分异明显、地理边界清晰,说明聚落生态位的民族属性对聚落区位、规模和形态具有显著影响。