小洋山邻近海域主要游泳动物生态位及种间联结性

根据2014年秋季和2015年秋季在小洋山邻近海域调查获得的渔业资源资料,运用生态位测定、聚类分析、W检验、基于2×2列联表的χ2检验、联结系数（AC）和共同出现百分率（PC）等方法分析主要游泳动物间的生态关系。结果表明,该海域主要游泳动物共24种,其中优势种为龙头鱼（Harpodon nehereus）、三疣梭子蟹（Portunus trituberculatus）和安氏白虾（Exopalaemon annandalei）,这3个种类的生态位宽度较宽;通过生态位宽度聚类分析,可将主要游泳动物分为3组,分别为广生态位种、中生态位种和狭生态位种;种对间生态位重叠值介于0~0.96之间,表明物种利用资源的能力具有相似性,种对间存在一定竞争性;W检验分析得出主要游泳动物总体呈显著正关联;χ2检验显示有150个种对的联结性显著（χ2 ≥ 3.841）;联结系数（AC）和共同出现百分率（PC）表明种间联结性较强,总体趋于正相关。     

Feeding behavior in Caribbean surgeonfishes varies across fish size,algal abundance,and habitat characteristics

Feeding behavior of coral reef fishes often determines their species‐specific ecological roles. We studied the two most common Caribbean surgeonfishes (Acanthurus coeruleus and Acanthurus tractus) to examine their species‐specific grazing rates and feeding preferences and how these differed with environmental context. We quantified the feeding activity of both surgeonfishes at four spur and groove reefs in the Florida Keys, USA, that varied in fish abundance, rugosity, algal community composition, and sediment loading. Overall, A. tractus fed twice as fast as A. coeruleus. Both species selected for turf algae but avoided feeding on turf algae that had become laden with sediment. Selectivity for upright macroalgae was more complex with A. tractus targeting Dictyota spp., while A. coeruleus avoided Dictyota spp. relative to the alga's abundance. Both species selected for epiphytes growing on other organisms such as macroalgae and sponges. However, several of these feeding patterns changed with ontogeny. For example, larger individuals of both species fed more frequently on long, sediment‐laden algal turf and less frequently on Dictyota spp. compared to smaller sized individuals. In addition, A. tractus also increased its preference for upright calcareous algae as they attained larger sizes. Overall, the disparity in feeding preferences of surgeonfishes likely indicates subtle differences in species‐specific ecological roles. Both A. coeruleus and A. tractus likely prevent development of turf algae and thus maintain algal communities in the early stages of succession. Additionally, A. tractus may also help reduce macroalgal abundance by targeting common macroalgal species.     

虾海草的研究进展

虾海草属(Phyllospadix)共有五种,其中两种是西北太平洋沿岸的特有种,三种是东北太平洋沿岸的特有种。虾海草草床为鱼类提供产卵、育幼和索饵场所。然而,由于自然条件的变迁和人类活动的影响,几乎所有的虾海草草床都处于衰退状态,山东半岛沿岸曾经十分丰富的虾海草资源也几乎消失殆尽。目前,我国对虾海草的研究很少。以美国为主的学者对虾海草的三个美洲特有种进行了大量研究,而以日本和韩国为主的学者则对其中两个亚洲特有种进行了一些研究。本文通过查阅文献资料,对虾海草形态、生长、生理和繁殖等内容进行了综述,并对我国今后的研究方向进行了展望,旨在为我国今后开展虾海草的研究提供借鉴。     

浙江舟山定海护城河浮游植物优势种生态位与种间联结性季节性分析

以舟山定海护城河为例,分析浮游植物四季优势种生态位与种间联结性,探讨水生态系统浮游植物群落中优势种间相互作用的生态关系,对环境资源共用的季节性变化,为富营养化污染水体浮游植物群落结构特征研究提供重要依据.2016年5月至2017年2月4个季节共出现优势种4门12属14种,其中尖肘杆藻、颗粒沟链藻、绿色颤藻、铜绿微囊藻、四尾栅藻和吻状隐藻6种为富营养化指示种.优势种种类具有明显的季节变化,蓝藻细小隐球藻4个季节均为优势种,并在春、秋、冬季为绝对优势种.根据优势度和生态位宽度,14个优势种可以划分为3个类群.生态位重叠值最大值和最小值分别为0.984和0.004,季节性差异较大,冬季 ≈ 秋季 > 夏季 > 春季.方差比率法求出的各季节优势种VR值均大于1,统计量W检验结果显示,浮游植物优势种间联结性总体上呈显著正相关.基于2×2联列表的χ²检验,54对优势种对仅有11对有显著联结性,负关联种对多于正关联.总体而言,优势种种间关联程度与生态位重叠程度并不完全一致,可能是浮游植物群落物种多样性高及物种组成季节变化明显所导致.     

浙南岛屿岩相潮间带大型底栖动物优势种生态位研究

本研究利用1990年、2006年、2010年和2016年11月在南麂列岛、北龙-北麂列岛和洞头列岛的调查结果和历史资料,分析了浙南岛屿岩相潮间带大型底栖动物优势种的时空变化及生态位.结果显示:4次调查数据中主要优势种有15种,前4位优势种分别为日本笠藤壶、条纹隔贻贝、疣荔枝螺和小结节滨螺;30 a来日本笠藤壶有逐渐被条...     

Food and habitat resource partitioning between three estuarine fish species on the Swedish west coast

In 1978 the food and habitat resource partitioning of three small and common fish species, viz. Pomatoschistus microps (Krøyer), Gasterosteus aculeatus (L.) and Pungitius pungitius (L.) were studied in river Broälven estuary on the Swedish west coast (58°22′N, 11°29′E). The area was divided into three habitats, based on environmental features. In July, September, and October stomach contents and size distribution of each species present were analysed.In July there was high food and habitat overlap between the species. Interference interactions probably occurred between some size classes of P. microps and the other two species. P. pungitius was exposed to both intra- and interspecific interactions. In September the food and habitat overlaps between G. aculeatus and P. pungitius were high, while both had low food and habitat overlaps in relation to P. microps. Interactions between G. aculeatus and P. pungitius were probably influenced by more severe abiotic conditions in one habitat, which caused lower abundances there, and higher abundances in the other two habitats. In October no interactions were observed. These results indicate that competition for food at least temporarily determines the species distribution in a temperate estuary, and that estuarine fish populations are sometimes food limited.     

Distribution and Migrations of two Cerithid Snails on a Sand Flat in Bermuda

Abstract. Two species of cerithid prosobranchs live on a sand flat in Bermuda. At low tide during day light Batillaria minima is found on the surface whereas Cerithium lutosum remains buried in the sediment. This correlates with much higher lethal and coma temperatures, as well as much greater resistance to desiccation, of the former species. However, at other diurnal or tidal stages the two species co-occur in the same layer of sand. Despite greater resistance to physical factors the population of B. minima seems to be declining since in 1980 juveniles of this species were rare on Tuckers Town Flat whereas the population of C. lutosum was thriving.     

Adaptive Ecology, Growth Strategies and the Global Bloom Expansion of Dinoflagellates

Dinoflagellates exhibit unique differences from diatoms in their adaptive ecologies that may be favoring their increasingly successful exploitation of coastal waters and global bloom expansion. Dinoflagellates behave as annual species, bloom soloists, are ecophysiologically diverse and habitat specialists, whereas diatoms behave as perennial species, guild members and are habitat cosmopolites. Diatoms have a relatively uniform bloom strategy based on species-rich pools and exhibit limited habitat specialization. Dinoflagellates have multiple life-form strategies consistent with their diverse habitat specializations, but rely on impoverished bloom species pools. Niche structure and dinoflagellate competition for niche space are considered. The “open niche period” formulated originally for Narragansett Bay is extrapolated as a general bloom paradigm. It is suggested that successful niche occupancy leading to blooms involves adaptive strategies at three heirarchic taxonomic elements: phylogenetic, generic and species-specific, and in that sequence. Transoceanic expatriation of emigrant species leading to indigenous status and blooms requires completion of a three-stage colonization process. Anthropogenic seedings are not, in themselves, bloom stimulation events; they are only the first phase of a multiple-step process. The organismal and niche features required for a hidden flora member to become a bloom species are considered, and the interplay between niche structure, habitat carrying capacity, colonization requirements and stochasticity as factors in the changing global bloom behavior of dinoflagellates discussed. The question is posed whether traditional perspectives of phytoplankton behavior apply completely to dinoflagellates. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Niche characterization of dominant estuarine benthic species

Benthic macroinfaunal species in a south Texas estuarine environment were studied over a 2·5 year period to characterize their distributions and ecology. The 13 dominant taxa chosen for investigation exhibited distinct habitat usage differences as judged both by the use of discriminant analysis and the differentiation of behavioral characteristics. Species coexistence in the estuarine bethic community of Corpus Christi Bay was examined with respect to resource partitioning for such parameters as food and space. Utilization of these resources by the dominant taxa differed in both temporal and spatial dimensions, with the spatial dimension consisting of horizontal and vertical attributes. Benthic species were separated according to (1) occurrences in certain sediment types with varying organic content, (2) presence in estuarine regions characterized by different phytoplankton productivity rates, (3) different periods of annual occurrence, and (4) occurrence in different sediment microhabitats characterized by varying sediment depth and relation to depth of oxygenated sediments. Superimposed upon differences in habitat usage of these species were behavioral traits, such as feeding differences, which further discriminated how benthic species obtained resources. Based upon species occurrence in a certain characteristic environment, we speculated on the structural division of the benthic habitat by various taxa often classified as common members of the same species' assemblages in the past. Although other investigators have demonstrated interactions among co-occurring benthic infaunal species, the information presented here illustrated how these species could minimize interactions in order to maintain their populations.     

杭州湾跨海大桥南航道通航孔通航净空尺度

在杭州湾交通通道预可行性研究阶段的《通航标准论证报告》及杭州湾交通通道有关专题研究成果的基础上,依据浙江省交通厅文件的精神,结合杭州湾的水文、河势、港口、航道等基本状况、条件以及通航船舶现状与未来对通航发展的要求等,确定了杭州湾跨海大桥南航道的通航净空尺度和桥位航道中心线及通航孔的位置。在杭州湾南航道中心线设了3个通航孔,其中1个为主通航孔,2个为副通航孔。主通航孔可通行总长为97m,宽为14m的3000t级杂货船,净空高度不于31m,净空宽度不小于125m,单向通航;副通航孔可通行总长小于33m,宽为7.2m的小型船舶,净空高度不小于20m,净空宽度不小于50m,单向通航。最高通航水位为5.19m。