米曲霉中性蛋白酶特性的研究

研究了米曲霉中性蛋白酶的特性。结果表明,米曲霉中性蛋白酶的最佳提取方法为加入pH 7.2的缓冲液研匀,置恒温(30℃)培养箱中提取30 min,每10 min搅动1次,最后用4层纱布过滤。酶反应最适温度为55℃,最适pH值为7.2。NaCl和EDTA对其有一定的抑制作用。酶的热稳定性好,在45℃的温度下处理24 h后,酶活力仍有45.5%。米曲霉中性蛋白酶与培养物一起保存时,稳定性也较好,在4℃保存一个月后,酶活力几乎无变化。     

The structure of Galactic gas at high latitudes: The southern polar cap

We analyze the angular structure of the 21-cm interstellar neutral hydrogen emission at six and seven declinations in the northern (published previously) and southern polar caps of the Galaxy (Galactic latitudes from ?40° to ?90°), respectively, with an extent of 90° in right ascension. The RATAN-600 radio telescope has a beam width averaged over these regions of 2.′0×30′. One-dimensional power spectra for the angular distribution of interstellar neutral hydrogen emission were computed in each 6.3-km s^?1-wide spectral channel by using the standard Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) code and were smoothed over 1^h in right ascension. The Galactic latitude dependence of the mean parameters for the sky distribution of H I line emission at high latitudes was found to correspond to the distribution of gas in the form of a flat layer only in the northern region, while in the southern cap, the gas distribution is much less regular. In addition, the mean H I radial velocities are negative everywhere (?3.7±3.0 km s^?1 in the north and ?6.0±2.4 km s^?1 in the south). The power spectra of the angular fluctuations in the range of angular periods from 10′ to 6° appear as power laws. However, the spectral indices change greatly over the sky: from ?3 to ?1.2; on average, as the Galactic latitude increases and the H I column density decreases, the fluctuation spectrum of the interstellar gas emission becomes flatter. In the northern polar region, this behavior is much more pronounced, which probably stems from the fact that the gas column density in the south is generally a factor of 2 or 3 higher than that in the north. Therefore, the spectra are, on average, also steeper in the south, but the dependence on Galactic latitude is weaker. Using simulations, we show that the observed power-law spectrum of the H I emission distribution can be obtained in terms of not only a turbulent, but also a cloud model of interstellar gas if we use our previous spectra of the diameters and masses of H I clouds.     

饥饿和再投喂对尼罗罗非鱼蛋白酶活性的影响

测定了饥饿和再投喂的尼罗罗非鱼胃、肠、肝胰脏蛋白酶活性。结果表明:(1)尼罗罗非鱼蛋白酶的活性以胃为最高,肠为最低,且胃蛋白酶的活性极显著高于肠、肝胰脏(P<0.01),肠和肝胰脏之间差异不显著(P>0.05);(2)饥饿后,蛋白酶活性呈降低的趋势,饥饿处理25d后,胃、肠、肝胰脏的蛋白酶活力分别降低到饥饿处理前的42.7%、41.0%、61.5%,均与对照组差异极显著(P<0.01);(3)再投喂后,饥俄15d以内的鱼蛋白酶活性上升迅速,经过15d恢复投喂,基本上就恢复到了正常水平,且消化酶活性甚至高于一直投喂对照组,而饥饿20、25d的鱼蛋白酶活性虽缓慢上升,但仍无法恢复到正常水平,与对照组差异显著(P<0.05)。     

偏振遥感的中性点大气纠正方法研究

地表物体具有较强的偏振特性, 因此可以作为偏振遥感的信息源。但是, 大气的偏振效应强于地表的偏振效应, 导致星载遥感器无法有效接收地表目标的偏振信息, 大气的起振与退偏效应成为偏振遥感对地表目标进行观测和应用的一个瓶颈问题。本文提出一种利用大气中性点对偏振遥感中地表偏振效应与大气偏振效应进行分离的方法, 通过天空中大气线偏振度为零的中性点区域进行对地观测, 目的是去除大气偏振作用, 进而最大限度地获取地表目标偏振信息。地面实验的结果验证了利用大气中性点进行大气纠正具有理论上的可行性。     

Stiffness pathologies in discrete granular systems: Bifurcation,neutral equilibrium,and instability in the presence of kinematic constraints

The paper develops the stiffness relationship between the movements and forces among a system of discrete interacting grains. The approach is similar to that used in structural analysis, but the stiffness matrix of granular material is inherently nonsymmetric because of the geometrics of particle interactions and of the frictional behavior of the contacts. Internal geometric constraints are imposed by the particles' shapes, in particular, by the surface curvatures of the particles at their points of contact. Moreover, the stiffness relationship is incrementally nonlinear, and even small assemblies require the analysis of multiple stiffness branches, with each branch region being a pointed convex cone in displacement space. These aspects of the particle-level stiffness relationship give rise to three types of microscale failure: neutral equilibrium, bifurcation and path instability, and instability of equilibrium. These three pathologies are defined in the context of four types of displacement constraints, which can be readily analyzed with certain generalized inverses. That is, instability and nonuniqueness are investigated in the presence of kinematic constraints. Bifurcation paths can be either stable or unstable, as determined with the Hill–Bažant–Petryk criterion. Examples of simple granular systems of three, 16, and 64 disks are analyzed. With each system, multiple contacts were assumed to be at the friction limit. Even with these small systems, microscale failure is expressed in many different forms, with some systems having hundreds of microscale failure modes. The examples suggest that microscale failure is pervasive within granular materials, with particle arrangements being in a nearly continual state of instability.     

基于导电孔隙的中基性火山岩储层含气饱和度解释模型

由于中基性火山岩储层的特殊性,很难利用传统的导电模型求准含气饱和度。为准确计算储层含气饱和度,对研究区中基性火山岩储层孔隙类型、特征及岩电实验资料进行了研究,结果表明:储层孔隙类型主要有气孔、溶蚀孔及微缝,且具有超高孔喉半径比,储层中存在不导电孔隙和导电背景;对Maxwell导电模型进行分析推导,将总孔隙分为导电孔隙和不导电孔隙,引入孔隙联通因子,得到导电孔隙度;应用电导率叠加原理,建立了基于导电孔隙的原始含气饱和度模型,该模型处理的含气饱和度与毛管压力分析饱和度相比,平均绝对误差小于3％,且与试气资料具有较好的一致性。     

桩基负摩阻力沿桩长变化的试验研究

结合中国移动甘肃定西分公司新城区移动通信综合楼项目,在大厚度自重湿陷性黄土场地上进行长时间的桩基浸水载荷试验（试桩直径为800 mm,桩长26 m,试坑深度为2 m）,对不同深度下、不同范围内的桩侧负摩阻力的变化特征以及土体的沉降过程进行分析。试验结果表明,特殊浸水条件下桩侧负摩阻力沿桩身出现多个峰值,并且正、负摩阻力出现交错分布的现象,无法给出建筑桩基技术规范[1]规定的平均负摩阻力值;桩周土体沉降量亦沿桩身出现多个峰值,并且其变化趋势直接影响桩侧正、负摩阻力沿桩身交替变化的走势;中性点位置并未得出建筑桩基技术规范[1]所提供的单一参考值而是沿桩身出现了多个中性点;黄土的实际湿陷情况是分段发生湿陷的,而不是如传统观点所述在单一中性点以上突然出现整段湿陷。     

Kinetic study of alkaline protease 894 for the hydrolysis of the pearl oyster Pinctada martensii

A new enzyme (alkaline protease 894) obtained from the marine extremophile Flavobacterium yellowsea (YS-80-122) has exhibited strong substrate-binding and catalytic activity, even at low temperature, but the characteristics of the hydrolysis with this enzyme are still unclear. The pearl oyster Pinctada martensii was used in this study as the raw material to illustrate the kinetic properties of protease 894. After investigating the intrinsic relationship between the degree of hydrolysis and several factors, including initial reaction pH, temperature, substrate concentration, enzyme concentration, and hydrolysis time, the kinetics model was established. This study showed that the optimal conditions for the enzymatic hydrolysis were an initial reaction pH of 5.0, temperature of 30°C, substrate concentration of 10% (w/v), enzyme concentration of 2 500 U/g, and hydrolysis time of 160 min. The kinetic characteristics of the protease for the hydrolysis of P. martensii were obtained. The inactivation constant was found to be 15.16/min, and the average relative error between the derived kinetics model and the actual measurement was only 3.04%, which indicated a high degree of fitness. Therefore, this study provides a basis for the investigation of the concrete kinetic characteristics of the new protease, which has potential applications in the food industry.