Peierls dislocation modelling in perovskite (CaTiO<Subscript>3</Subscript>): comparison with tausonite (SrTiO<Subscript>3</Subscript>) and MgSiO<Subscript>3</Subscript> perovskite

We present here a numerical modelling study of dislocations in perovskite CaTiO₃. The dislocation core structures and properties are calculated through the Peierls–Nabarro model using the generalized stacking fault (GSF) results as a starting model. The GSF are determined from first-principles calculations using the VASP code. The dislocation properties such as collinear, planar core spreading and Peierls stresses are determined for the following slip systems: [100](010), [100](001), [010](100), [010](001), [001](100), [001](010), and All dislocations exhibit lattice friction, but glide appears to be easier for [100](010) and [010](100). [001](010) and [001](100) exhibit collinear dissociation. Comparing Peierls stresses among tausonite (SrTiO₃), perovskite (CaTiO₃) and MgSiO₃ perovskite demonstrates the strong influence of orthorhombic distortions on lattice friction. However, and despite some quantitative differences, CaTiO₃ appears to be a satisfactory analogue material for MgSiO₃ perovskite as far as dislocation glide is concerned.     

电磁波SYT法在隐伏区寻找含金矿化 异常带中的应用

通常运用地质、地球物理以及钻探的方法来确定金属矿体的赋存状态,地球物理方法中常用的探测手段主要有地面伽玛能谱测量法、X射线荧光法、浅层地震、地电化学参数法和地电化学提取法等.SYT法接收反射回来的带有地下地质信息的电磁波,再经过特殊的数据处理而得到的反映地下地层物性特征的曲线和柱状,可以用来进行地质解释,运用该方法对山东牟平隐伏区的含金矿化异常带进行了探测研究,探测结果显示,在SYT法探测曲线中,含金矿化带有明显的异常特征,可以用来确定金属矿体的埋深和厚度.     

松辽盆地徐家围子断陷火山岩气藏天然气成因类型和气源对比

松辽盆地徐家围子断陷发育营城组火山岩气藏.钻井统计、地球化学特征及天然气组份分析和碳同位素研究表明徐中和徐东地区天然气源岩有机质偏腐泥型,生气潜力更大.对主力源岩层沙河子组和次要源岩层营城组源岩分布有了新的认识.对营城组天然气的烃类气体和CO₂气的来源进行对比和探讨,认为烃类气受气源的控制,CO₂气藏受深大断裂的控制,与火山岩分布关系不大.连通地幔的气藏中,也没有发现无机烃类气体聚集.徐家围子断陷营城组天然气以烃类气占绝对优势,而且主要为甲烷,二氧化碳成藏并不普遍.天然气甲烷成因类型以煤型气为主,甲烷碳同位素变化范围较小.乙烷、丙烷和丁烷碳同位素均有较大的变化范围,而且具有较好的相关性,说明母质类型多样,乙烷、丙烷和丁烷具有相同的来源.含量大于50%的二氧化碳来源于地幔,属无机成因.含量小于50%的二氧化碳既有无机成因,也有有机成因.     

2018年海峡MS6.2地震社会影响调查与分析

以2018年台湾海峡M_S6.2地震造成的社会影响作为主要调查内容,选取了福建省东山县普通群众作为调查对象,从震时人的感觉、灾时应急避险情况、社会心理、防震减灾及地震预警知识普及情况等方面进行调查研究,目的是了解东山县居民地震应急避险情况及防震减灾知识普及程度等,为今后有针对性的做好防震减灾宣传,提升社会公众抵御地震灾害能力提供一定的参考。      

Seismic constraints on rock damaging related to a failing mountain peak: the Hochvogel,Allgäu

Large rock slope failures play a pivotal role in long-term landscape evolution and are a major concern in land use planning and hazard aspects. While the failure phase and the time immediately prior to failure are increasingly well studied, the nature of the preparation phase remains enigmatic. This knowledge gap is due, to a large degree, to difficulties associated with instrumenting high mountain terrain and the local nature of classic monitoring methods, which does not allow integral observation of large rock volumes. Here, we analyse data from a small network of up to seven seismic sensors installed during July–October 2018 (with 43 days of data loss) at the summit of the Hochvogel, a 2592 m high Alpine peak. We develop proxy time series indicative of cyclic and progressive changes of the summit. Modal analysis, horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio data and end-member modelling analysis reveal diurnal cycles of increasing and decreasing coupling stiffness of a 260,000 m³ large, instable rock volume, due to thermal forcing. Relative seismic wave velocity changes also indicate diurnal accumulation and release of stress within the rock mass. At longer time scales, there is a systematic superimposed pattern of stress increased over multiple days and episodic stress release within a few days, expressed in an increased emission of short seismic pulses indicative of rock cracking. Our data provide essential first order information on the development of large-scale slope instabilities towards catastrophic failure. © 2020 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.     

Model prediction capacity of ephemeral gully evolution in conservation tillage systems

Ephemeral gully (EG) erosion has an important impact on agricultural soil losses and increases field surface hydrology connectivity and transport of pollutants to nearby water bodies. Watershed models including an EG component are scarce and not yet properly evaluated. The objective of this study is to evaluate the capacity of one such tool, AnnAGNPS, to simulate the evolution of two EG formed in a conservation tillage system. The dataset for model testing included runoff measurements and EG morphological characteristics during 3 years. Model evaluation focused on EG evolution of volume, width, and length model outputs, and included calibration and testing phases and a global sensitivity analysis (GSA). While the model did not fully reproduce width and length, the model efficiency to simulate EG volume was satisfactory for both calibration and testing phases, supporting the watershed management objectives of the model. GSA revealed that the most sensitive factors were EG depth, critical shear stress, headcut detachment exponent coefficient b, and headcut detachment leading coefficient a. For EG outputs the model was additive, showing low sensitivity to interactions between the inputs. Prediction of EG spatial evolution on conservation tillage systems requires improved development of gully erosion components, since many of the processes were developed originally for traditional tillage practices or larger channel systems. Our results identify the need for future research when EG form within conservation tillage systems, in particular to study gully headcut, soil erodibility, and width functions specific to these practices.     

Using micro-catchment experiments for multi-local scale modelling of nature-based solutions

The Q-natural flood management project has co-developed with the Environment Agency 18 monitored micro-catchments (~1 km²) in Cumbria, UK installing calibrated flumes aimed at quantifying the potential shift in observed flows resulting from a range of nature-based-solutions installed by local organizations. The small-scale reduces the influence of variability characterizing larger catchments that would otherwise mask any such shifts, which we attempt to relate to a shift in model parameters. This paper demonstrates an approach to applying donor-parameter-shifts obtained from modelling two of the paired micro-catchments to a much larger scale, in order to understand the potential for improved distributed modelling of nature-based solutions in the form of additional tree-planting. The models include a rainfall-runoff model, Dynamic Topmodel, and a 2D hydrodynamic model, JFlow, permitting analysis of changes in hillslope processes and channel hydrodynamics resulting from a range of distributed measures designed to emulate natural hydrological processes that evaporate, store or infiltrate flows. We report on attempts to detect shift in hydrological response using one of the paired-micro-catchment moorland versus forestry sites in Lorton using Dynamic Topmodel. A donor-parameter-shift approach is used in a hypothetical experiment to represent new woodland in a much larger catchment, although testing all combinations of spatial planting strategies, responses to multiple-extremes, failure-modes and changes to synchronization becomes intractable to support good decision making. We argue that the problem can be re-framed to use donor-parameter-shifts at multi-local-scale catchments above communities known to be at risk, commensurate with most of the evidence of NbS impacts being effective at the small scale (ca. 10 km²). This might lead to more effective modelling to help catchment managers prioritize those communities-at-risk where there is more evidence that NbS might be effective.