IPCC AR6报告解读：气候系统对太阳辐射干预响应

IPCC第六次评估报告（AR6）第一工作组报告评估了太阳辐射干预（Solar radiation modification,SRM）对气候系统和碳循环的影响。在大幅度减排基础上,太阳辐射干预有潜力作为应对气候变化的备用措施。目前,对于太阳辐射干预气候影响的评估都是基于模式模拟结果。评估主要结论如下：太阳辐射干预可以在全球和区域尺度上抵消一部分温室气体增加造成的气候变化（高信度);但是太阳辐射干预无法在全球和区域尺度上完全抵消温室气体增加引起的气候变化（几乎确定);有可能通过适当的太阳辐射干预设计,同时实现多个温度变化减缓目标（中等信度);在高强度温室气体排放情景下,如果太阳辐射干预实施后突然终止,并且这种终止长时间持续,将会造成快速的气候变化（高信度);如果在减排和CO₂移除的情况下,太阳辐射干预的实施强度逐渐减小至零,将显著降低太阳辐射干预突然终止产生的快速气候变化风险（中等信度);太阳辐射干预会通过降温作用,促进陆地和海洋对大气CO₂的吸收（中等信度),但是太阳辐射干预无法缓解海洋酸化（高信度);太阳辐射干预对其他生物化学循环影响的不确定性大。由于对云-气溶胶-辐射过程的相互作用和微物理过程认知有限,目前对平流层气溶胶注入、海洋低云亮化、高层卷云变薄等太阳辐射干预方法的冷却潜力和气候效应的认知还有很大的不确定性。     

Revisiting the death of geography in the era of Big Data: the friction of distance in cyberspace and real space

Many scholars have argued that the importance of geographic proximity in human interactions has been diminished by the use of the Internet, while others disagree with this argument. Studies have noted the distance decay effect in both cyberspace and real space, showing that interactions occur with an inverse relationship between the number of interactions and the distance between the locations of the interactors. However, these studies rarely provide strong evidence to show the influence of distance on interactions in cyberspace, nor do they quantify the differences in the amount of friction of distance between cyberspace and real space. To fill this gap, this study used massive amounts of social media data (Twitter) to compare the influence of distance decay on human interactions between cyberspace and real space in a quantitative manner. To estimate the distance decay effect in both cyberspace and real space, the distance decay function of interactions in each space was modeled. Estimating the distance decay in cyberspace in this study can help predict the degree of information flow across space through social media. Measuring how far ideas can be diffused through social media is useful for users of location-based services, policy advocates, public health officials, and political campaigners.     

Evaluation of effectiveness of three fuzzy systems and three texture extraction methods for building damage detection from post-event LiDAR data

Building damage maps after disasters can help us to better manage the rescue operations. Researchers have used Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data for extracting the building damage maps. For producing building damage maps from LiDAR data in a rapid manner, it is necessary to understand the effectiveness of features and classifiers. However, there is no comprehensive study on the performance of features and classifiers in identifying damaged areas. In this study, the effectiveness of three texture extraction methods and three fuzzy systems for producing the building damage maps was investigated. In the proposed method, at first, a pre-processing stage was utilized to apply essential processes on post-event LiDAR data. Second, textural features were extracted from the pre-processed LiDAR data. Third, fuzzy inference systems were generated to make a relation between the extracted textural features of buildings and their damage extents. The proposed method was tested across three areas over the 2010 Haiti earthquake. Three building damage maps with overall accuracies of 75.0%, 78.1% and 61.4% were achieved. Based on outcomes, the fuzzy inference systems were stronger than random forest, bagging, boosting and support vector machine classifiers for detecting damaged buildings.     

GIS professional development for teachers: lessons learned from high-needs schools

University faculty partners from the Departments of Geography and Instruction and Teacher Education at a large, public university collaborated with K-12 teachers and the leadership of a rural school district in order to investigate the crosscutting content of science, mathematics, and geography through the integration of web-based GIS technologies. The project explored the critical connections among technology, pedagogy, and content with a particular emphasis on developing technology-enhanced, inquiry-based lessons in which the teachers and their students used GIS technologies to analyze, visualize, and present data in real-world contexts. The findings highlight the importance of well-structured professional development that builds community, integrates diverse content and pedagogical expertise, provides feedback and coaching, and is of sufficient duration to effect change.     

广东省仁化县书楼丘铀矿床三维地质建模及成矿预测

综合地质、地球化学等资料进行多元信息成矿预测是目前深部固体矿产主要工作方法。广东仁化县书楼丘铀矿床位于诸广南铀矿田北部,是诸广南铀矿田重要的组成之一。本次为了拓宽书楼丘矿床深部找矿思路,探讨其找矿潜力,在前人研究和勘探基础上,总结了矿床综合信息找矿模型,以三维定量预测研究理论基础,根据矿床成矿条件和找矿标志特征,提取地质、化探、钻探资料的成矿有利信息,并利用COCAD软件构建了地形-地表、岩体、构造、矿体等地质模型,对信息进行综合成矿有利分析,运用信息量法进行研究区深部矿产资源预测,共圈定了3片靶区。     

燕辽海盆中元古界下马岭组沉积期的物源性质与古地理环境

通过对河北省张家口下花园区夏家沟古城梁、怀来县赵家山等剖面地质测量,分析了1400 Ma前沉积的下马岭组岩性变化、沉积序列与海平面升降演化、岩石矿物组分与重矿物组合,认为下马岭组沉积时期发育温暖湿润的气候条件及多期热带风暴作用,早期的大规模风暴与浊流等事件沉积,晚期的浅海陆棚风暴岩、深水陆棚泥页岩、细粒浊积岩及安静水体的泥灰岩透镜体(灰泥饼)等是其鲜明的沉积响应.该时期发育一次长期缓慢的海平面上升-下降过程,对应一个二级层序.内幕可细分为五次海平面升降变化,对应五个三级层序;下马岭组沉积早期的物质组分主要以砂质、泥质为主,晚期转化为以泥质、灰质、云质为主,砂质减少,两种类型的物质组合系统先后影响燕辽裂陷槽;下马岭组沉积时期,具有双物源性质,除了主要来自于东部的山海关古隆起外,晚期可能也有西部山西古陆提供物源,来自北部的沉积物源不发育,推测北部的内蒙-冀北隆起(内蒙地轴)不存在,燕辽盆地具有西陡东缓的箕状断陷盆地特征,盆地古地形、物源供给变化与多级次海平面振荡变化控制了下马岭组沉积物的时空演化特征.该研究为1400 Ma前华北克拉通北部燕辽盆地岩相古地理的恢复提供了重要参考.     

浅水三角洲沉积体系与储层岩石学特征

浅水三角洲已经成为当前沉积学研究和油气勘探的重点领域,浅水三角洲常规和非常规砂岩储层中发现了丰富的油气资源。鄂尔多斯盆地中—古生界发育大型浅水三角洲沉积,结合岩芯、测井、分析化验等资料,对盆地西部地区山1—盒8段浅水三角洲的母岩特征、沉积充填、砂体展布与储层岩石学特征进行研究,为研究区常规砂岩储层和致密砂岩油气勘探提供地质依据。分析表明,研究区南部和北部砂岩重矿物组合相似,以锆石和白钛矿为主。综合La/Yb-REE与Dickinson三角图解、稀土元素配分模式和碎屑锆石定年分析认为,北部物源主要来自盆地西北部阿拉善古陆太古界和元古界花岗岩、片麻岩、石英砂岩,向南影响到陇东地区北部;南部物源主要来自盆地南部北秦岭地区太古界、元古界花岗岩、片麻岩和片岩,向北影响陇东地区中南部。山1段发育曲流河三角洲,盒8段发育辫状河三角洲,孤立型与垂向叠置型水下分支河道砂体是主要的砂体类型。盒8段沉积时期,古湖泊可能萎缩;南北物源形成的三角洲在研究区中部环县东南一带交汇混合。砂岩类型主要为岩屑质石英砂岩、石英砂岩和岩屑砂岩,结构成熟度中等—较差。砂岩成岩改造强烈,水—岩反应复杂,压实作用是储层致密化的主因,多期胶结作用使砂岩的孔喉结构变得十分复杂。孔隙类型以微米—纳米级的岩屑溶蚀孔、剩余粒间孔和高岭石晶间孔为主,整体上属于非常规致密砂岩储层。砂体分布与“甜点”预测是研究区致密油气勘探的关键。     

内管超前绳索取心技术在松散沉积物调查中的应用

松散沉积物是覆盖层的主要物质存在形式,是推动绿色发展、建设生态文明的主要研究对象。随着研究内容的不断丰富,对覆盖层调查的深度与精度不断提高,能否实现对松散沉积物的精准、原位无污染取样是制约后续研究的关键要素之一。本文基于锡林郭勒盟-通辽地区钻探调查实践,将绳索取心钻进工艺、超前取心技术与成膜护壁冲洗液技术相结合,提高孔壁稳定性和松散岩心完整性,解决制约厚覆盖层调查钻探取样技术难点,可为相关领域松散沉积物调查提供技术借鉴。     

护坡桩+微型钢管桩复合土钉墙联合支护体系研究应用

本文提出了一种新的联合支护体系——护坡桩+微型钢管桩复合土钉墙支护体系,成功解决了基坑周边无放坡空间需垂直开挖、基坑深度大、要求位移小、支护费用高等技术难题,做到了施工便利,对控制边坡位移变形、增强边坡整体稳定性、保证在基坑开挖工程中不发生对周围环境的影响具有良好的作用。采用这种支护方式对北京一工程进行设计施工探讨,经工后监测效果良好,大大地提高了边坡的安全稳定性,从而验证了这一支护形式的可行性,其在深基坑支护中具有常规土钉墙和护坡桩无法相比的技术与经济优势,可供其他类似工程参考,具有较高的适用推广价值。