Does continental crust transform during eclogite facies metamorphism?

Eclogites within exhumed continental collision zones indicate regional burial to depths of at least 60 km, and often more than 100 km in the coesite‐stable, ultra‐high pressure (UHP) eclogite facies. Garnet, omphacitic pyroxene, high‐Si mica, kyanite ± coesite should grow at the expense of low‐P minerals in most felsic compositions, if equilibrium obtained at these conditions. The quartzofeldspathic rocks that comprise the bulk of eclogite facies terranes, however, contain mainly amphibolite facies, plagioclase‐bearing assemblages. To what extent these lower‐P minerals persisted metastably during (U)HP metamorphism, or whether they grew afterwards, reflects closely upon crustal parameters such as density, strength and seismic character. The Nordfjord area in western Norway offers a detailed view into a large crustal section that was subducted into the eclogite facies. The degree of transformation in typical pelite, paragneiss, granitic and granodioritic gneiss was assessed by modelling the equilibrium assemblage, comparing it with existing parageneses in these rocks and using U/Th–Pb zircon geochronology from laser ablation ICPMS to establish the history of mineral growth. U–Pb dates define a period of zircon recrystallization and new growth accompanying burial and metamorphism lasting from 430 to 400 Ma. Eclogite facies mafic rock (~2 vol.% of crust) is the most transformed composition and records the ambient peak conditions. Rare garnet‐bearing pelitic rocks (<10 vol.% of crust) preserve a mostly prograde mineral evolution to near‐peak conditions; REE concentrations in zircon indicate that garnet was present after 425 Ma and feldspar broke down after 410 Ma. Felsic gneiss – by far the most abundant rock type – is dominated by quartz + biotite + feldspar, but minor zoisite/epidote, phengitic white mica, garnet and rutile point to a prograde HP overprint. Relict textures indicate that much of the microstructural framework of plagioclase, K‐feldspar, and perhaps biotite, persisted through at least 25 Ma of burial, and ultimately UHP metamorphism. The signature reaction of the eclogite facies in felsic rocks – jadeite/omphacite growth from plagioclase – cannot be deduced from the presence of pyroxene or its breakdown products. We conclude that prograde dehydration in orthogneiss leads to fluid absent conditions, impeding equilibration beyond ~high‐P amphibolite facies.     

北京、郑州和深圳三城市空气中气溶胶单颗粒特征的扫描电镜分析

分别采集北京、深圳和郑州3个城市气溶胶样品,使用场发射扫锚电镜-能谱仪观察气溶胶单颗粒的显微形貌和元素组成,并利用图像分析系统对PM2.5的粒径进行了分析。结果表明,城市气溶胶单颗粒类型以矿物颗粒、烟尘和球形颗粒(飞灰和二次粒子)为主。对比3个城市气溶胶中不同颗粒类型数量百分比发现,矿物颗粒数量最多的城市是北京,飞灰和烟尘数量最多的城市是郑州,而规则矿物颗粒数量最多的城市是深圳。3个城市气溶胶单颗粒的数量-粒径分布均呈单峰分布。深圳气溶胶中颗粒物的粒径相对较小,其次为郑州、北京。3个城市气溶胶中颗粒物来源不同程度上都受到交通污染源影响,而燃煤源对北京和郑州气溶胶中颗粒物来源影响仍然不容忽视。     

凝胶堵漏技术在阳山矿区漏失地层中的应用

甘肃省文县阳山矿区地质构造复杂,地层破碎蚀变强烈,多层位漏失,钻探施工漏失现象普遍。在研究地层漏失机理的基础上试验应用了聚合物凝胶堵漏技术。ZK2232孔的现场应用表明,聚合物凝胶堵漏剂与其他惰性桥堵剂配合使用,能很好地解决钻进过程中的恶性漏失问题,堵漏效果较好。在堵漏施工中,聚合物凝胶堵漏不受漏失通道的限制,能够通过挤压变形进入裂缝和孔洞空间,最终达到封堵漏层的目的。     

鄂尔多斯盆地浅层大位移水平井钻井液体系优选

针对鄂尔多斯盆地浅层水平井钻井过程中的井壁稳定、井眼清洁、润滑减阻和储层保护的技术难题,通过分析储层的地质特征,在该区原用聚合物钻井液基础上,选择性加入MC-VIS、ABSN、纳米乳液和复合屏蔽暂堵剂,形成纳米乳液封堵钻井液体系,在保证施工安全的前提下,可将岩心渗透率恢复提高至8350%。通过七平1井的应用表明,纳米乳液封堵钻井液体系能够满足低渗透油层大位移水平井的钻井施工需求,为高效开发鄂尔多斯盆地浅层油气藏提供技术支持。     

黄土高原西部地区黄土地层有机质主要来源分析*

黄土有机质的主要来源是决定其稳定碳同位素(δ13Corg.)能否应用于重建过去C3/C4相对丰度变化及相应的古气候变化的关键基础科学问题.如若黄土地层当中的有机质主要由粉尘携带而来,而非当地植被,显然其δ13Corg.不是一个局地植被过去C3/C4相对丰度变化及古气候变化的良好指示器.本文对黄土高原西部地区(六盘山以西)新获得和已发表的相关数据进行综合分析,尝试对该地区黄土有机质的主要来源进行定量的分析.结果表明,总体而言,该地区黄土地层有机质主要来源于当地植被,由粉尘携带而来的有机质贡献量不超过8％,所造成的有机碳同位素变化幅度不超过1.7‰.这些结果说明该地区的黄土地层有机质δ13Corg.是可以用来重建过去C3/C4植物相对丰度及相应的古气候变化的.为了更精确的重建,后续的工作应当更多考虑粉尘搬运过程当中的有机质输入以及粉尘沉积之后的微生物活动的可能潜在影响.     

The Energy Relationship between Ions and Soil Particles based on Wien Effect and Its Application in Soil Science

The interaction between ions and soil particles plays an important role in the mobilization and bioavailability of ions in soils, which is one of the main research areas of soil chemistry. The new method based on suspension Wien effect has been developed recently to determine the binding energy and adsorption energy between ions and soil particles. Compared with other methods on the basis of adsorption isotherm or ions activity, Wien effect method has more advantages including convenience and direct measurement. The term suspension Wien effect refers to the increase of electrical conductivity of suspension with increasing applied electrical field. In this review paper, we introduced the fundamentals of suspension Wien effect, the apparatus about the Wien effect measurement, and along with demonstrating their application to quantifying the particles-ions interactions for several systems of soils. Our studies indicated that divalent cations have larger binding energies and adsorption energies on soil particles than monovalent because of the electrostatic interaction. However, few studies about the interaction between Cr³⁺ and La³⁺ on soil particles showed that the binding energy and adsorption energy of trivalent cations are lower than those of divalent cations because of hydrolysis. Soil properties such as soil organic matter, soil pH, and iron oxides significantly affected the binding energy and adsorption energy of ions. Our results deepened our understanding about the non specific adsorption of ions in soil chemistry, and enlarged the research area of soil chemistry in fundamental and methodology.     

The Paleoceanography during the Time with High δ13C of Phanerozoic marine carbonates

Carbon isotopic composition of marine carbonates is a record for various important geological events in the process of earth development and evolution. The carbonates of Carboniferous, Permian and Triassic, as the transition from Paleozoic to Mesozoic-Cenozoic have very high ¹³C value. Taking this as the main point, and combined with the oxygen, strontium isotopic composition in carbonates, distribution of carbonate basin area through geologic time, the correlation of carbon isotopic composition of marine carbonates to sea level change, organic carbon burial flux, exchange of CO₂ content in atmosphere and ocean, and long cycle evolution of the earth ecosystems were approached. The results are shown as follows: ①The interval of ¹³C >3‰ during Phanerozoic was concentrated in Carboniferous, Permian and the beginning of Triassic, but the beginning of Triassic was characterized by higher frequency and larger fluctuations in ¹³C value during a short time, whereas the Carboniferous-Permian presented a continuously stable high ¹³C value, indicating a larger amount of organic carbon accumulation in this time interval. Relatively high ¹⁸O values during this time was also observed, showing a long time of glaciations and cold climate, which suggest a connection among rapid organic carbon burial, cold climate, as well as pCO₂ and pO₂ states of atmosphere. ②The over consumption of atmosphere CO₂ by green plants during the time with high ¹³C of seawater forced CO₂ being transferred from ocean to atmosphere for the balance, but the decrease in the seawater amount and water column pressure caused by the global cooling could weaken dissolution capacity of CO₂ in seawater and carbon storage of marine carbonates, and also reduce the carbonate sedimentary rate and decrease the carbonate basin area globally from Devonian to Carboniferous and Permian. During the middle-late Permian carbonate was widely replaced by siliceous sediments even though in shallow carbonate platform, which resulted in the decrease of marine invertebrates, suggesting the Permian chert event should be global. ③The Phanerozoic ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr trend of seawater showed a sharp fall in Permian and drop to a minimum at the end of the Permian, indicting input of strontium from the submarine hydrothermal systems (mantle flux). Such process should accompany with a supplement of CO₂ from deep earth to atmosphere and ocean system, but the process associated with widespread volcanism and rises of earth’s surface temperature pricked up the mass extinction during the time of end Permian. ④Cold climate and increase of continental icecap volume, the amalgamation of northern Africa and Laurentia continentals were the main reasons responsible for the sea level drop, but the water consumption result from the significantly increased accumulation of organic carbon should also be one of the reasons for the sea level drop on the order of tens of meters. ⑤The mass extinction at the end Permian was an inevitable event in the process of earth system adjustment. It was difficult for marine invertebrates to survive because of the continuously rapid burial of organic carbon, and of the decrease of sea water amount and its dissolution ability to CO₂. At last, at the end of Paleozoic, the supplement of CO₂ to atmosphere and ocean by widely magma activities resulted in a high temperature of earth surface and intensified mass extinction.     

苏北盆地建湖隆起碳酸盐岩储层中的硫酸盐型热矿水成因

碳酸盐岩储层中的硫酸盐型热矿水是宝贵的旅游疗养资源。我国苏北盆地北部分布有丰富的热矿水,其中,盱眙县的一口热水井的单井流量达到3 616t·d-1,矿化度(TDS)达到4g·L-1,温度为53.5℃,为优质硫酸盐型热矿水。采用水化学和同位素方法,结合钻孔地质资料,研究了其形成机理。该地区热矿水的SO2-4离子含量较高,部分热矿水的阴离子中SO2-4离子占主导,成为硫酸盐型水。热水的氢氧稳定同位素(δ2 H、δ18 O)值证明了其来源于大气降水。建湖隆起存在石膏层,主要分布在白垩系浦口组,该组属盐湖相沉积,发育大范围的含膏质泥岩,其中石膏、硬石膏含量较多。根据水样的Sr/Ca摩尔比,该区热水中的硫酸盐来源于石膏的溶解。基于碳酸盐岩热水的pH值和SI值、14 C含量等数据的分析,排除了硫酸盐型热矿水的形成与金属矿的风化或氧化的关系,认为是石膏或硬石膏溶解形成。     

煤田地质超深孔钻探工艺

在对深部煤田地质钻孔钻进工艺研究的基础上,有针对性选择使用聚合物泥浆,解决了基浆配制用水及泥浆抗地表水水质污染问题。通过改变双管钻具长度和改换取心钻头的切削具,满足软硬互层对钻头钻进效率的影响。在煤系地层钻进中,除采用常规的单管钻具钻进外,在见煤预告下过后,采用加长双管取心钻具,既可保证了回次进尺,又可保证岩心的采取。多项措施落实,不仅解决了生产中的一些难题,收到了较好的效果,而且创造了河北省煤田地质局煤田地质单孔钻探深度2 009.12m的新纪录,为今后深部钻孔的施工积累了经验。     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987114001121

The Chinese Tianshan belt of the southern Altaids has undergone a complicated geological evolution.Different theories have been proposed to explain its evolution and these are still hotly debated.The major subduction polarity and the way of accretion are the main problems.Southward,northward subduction and multiple subduction models have been proposed.This study focuses on the structural geology of two of the main faults in the region,the South Tianshan Fault and the Nikolaev Line.The dip direction in the Muzhaerte valley is southward and lineations all point towards the NW.Two shear sense motions have been observed within both of these fault zones,a sinistral one,and a dextral one,the latter with an age of 236-251 Ma.Structural analyses on the fault zones show that subduction has been northward rather than southward.The two shear sense directions indicate that the Yili block was first dragged along towards the east due to the clockwise rotation of the Tarim block.After the Tarim block stopped rotating,the Yili block still kept going eastward,inducing the dextral shear senses within the fault zones.