陆态网络数据的北斗观测值特性分析

为了进一步分析北斗卫星观测值的相关特性,文章对比北斗卫星与GPS卫星、以及不同类型北斗卫星之间观测值特性的差异,提出了用站间差分考察伪距多路径组合和GFIF组合观测值的方法。陆态网络数据实验结果显示,北斗卫星B1频率观测值的信噪比最低;高度角较低时,北斗卫星伪距多路径组合绝对值和离散度均较大,约为1.5m,且IGSO和MEO卫星的伪距多路径组合值随高度角增大而明显降低;北斗GEO和IGSO卫星的相位GFIF组合有日周期性,变化范围约为±2cm,伪距GFIF组合的变化范围可达±2m;站间差分可明显减弱伪距多路径组合的变化趋势和相位GFIF组合的周期性,表明这两个组合中可能包含与卫星相关的误差,为北斗观测数据误差处理提供参考。     

北斗系统多路径误差特性分析与消除策略

为了消除影响北斗系统高精度导航服务性能的多路径误差,文章基于实测数据提取多路径误差并分析其所具有的特性,探讨不同定位解算方式中的多路径误差消除策略。结果表明,多路径误差实时改正后的单点定位结果相比原数据解算结果有明显提高;基于北斗多路径误差周期的恒星日滤波算法消除了部分周期误差,基线解算坐标时间序列的精度有了明显的提高。这两种针对多路径误差的改正方法可以为北斗系统数据处理提供参考。     

TDR pressure cell for monitoring water content retention and bulk electrical conductivity curves in undisturbed soil samples

The water retention curve (θ(ψ)), which defines the relationship between soil volumetric water content (θ) and matric potential (ψ), is of paramount importance in characterizing the hydraulic behaviour of soils. However, few methods are so far available for estimating θ(ψ) in undisturbed soil samples. We present a new design of TDR‐pressure cell (TDR‐Cell) for estimating θ(ψ) in undisturbed soil samples. The TDR‐Cell consists of a 50‐mm‐long and 50‐mm internal diameter stainless steel cylinder (which constitutes the outer frame of a coaxial line) attached to a porous ceramic disc and closed at the ends with two aluminium lids. A 49‐mm‐long and 3‐mm‐diameter stainless steel rod, which runs longitudinally through the centre of the cylinder, constitutes the inner rod of a coaxial TDR probe. The TDR‐Cell was used to determine the θ(ψ) curves of a packed sand and seven undisturbed soil samples from three profiles of agricultural soils. These θ(ψ) curves were subsequently compared to those obtained from the corresponding 2‐mm sieved soils using the pressure plate method. Measurements of bulk electrical conductivity, σ_a, as a function of the water content, σ_a(θ), of the undisturbed soil samples were also performed. An excellent correlation (R² = 0·988) was found between the θ values measured by TDR on the different undisturbed soils and the corresponding θ obtained from the soil gravimetric water content. A typical bimodal θ(ψ) function was found for most of the undisturbed soil samples. Comparison between the θ(ψ) curves measured with the TDR‐Cell and those obtained from the 2‐mm sieved soils showed that the pressure plate method overestimates θ at low ψ values. The σ_a(θ) relationship was well described by a simple power expression (R² > 0·95), in which the power factor, defined as tortuosity, ranged between 1·18 and 3·75. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

利用序列平均的高精度GPS基线解算模型

系统分析了改进随机模型和改进函数模型两类GPS基线解算模型的优缺点,在此基础上,提出了一种基于序列平均的高精度GPS基线解算模型,即采用动态单历元技术进行静态基线解算,充分利用多路径效应的低频特性,采用小波变化理论,对坐标序列进行多路径效应的去除,提取低频残差项进行序列平均,得到基线向量解。同时,以动态坐标序列为依据,对出现粗差历元或者卫星进行处理,有效弥补了仅采用残差序列进行粗差判断的不足,提高了基线解算的精度和可靠性。实验表明,新模型可以更为有效地削弱多路径效应的影响,而且对于较短的观测时间尤为突出;结合坐标序列和残差序列,能更为有效地进行粗差的探测和去除,提高基线解的精度和可靠性。     

北斗导航卫星系统测距信号的精度分析

基于单测站和短基线实验的伪距相位差值 (Code-minus-phase Combination, CC)和多路径(Multipath, MP)两类组合观测值,对比分析了北斗（BD）和GPS测距信号质量,并检验了多路径误差对CC模糊度固定的影响。结果表明：BD GEO卫星(Geostationary Earth Orbit)的测距信号质量优于IGSO卫星(Inclined Geosynchronous Satellite Orbit),且两类测距信号的多路径误差分别包含长、短期的变化趋势。针对CC模糊度固定,当采用较长时间段（如本文中的600s）时,GPS L1/L2和BD B1/B2四个频段上的成功率均超90%;而对于快速模糊度固定（如仅采用120秒）,由于受强多路径误差影响,BD IGSO卫星的固定成功率最低,不超过50%。     

三频载波相位伪距平滑算法分析与比较

针对现代化卫星导航系统的三频新特点,本文推导了利用多频载波相位平滑单频伪距及组合伪距的一般算法,提出通用的计算方程和解析表达式,比对了三频GNSS系统中的3种平滑算法,并进行实测数据验证和分析。理论分析表明三频二阶伪距平滑算法噪声方差性能最差,三频一阶伪距平滑算法噪声方差性能与双频伪距平滑算法相当。     

应用时域反射仪测定农田土壤水分

介绍了时域反射仪(TDR)测定农田土壤水分的方法及其应用,包括测定农田根系层土壤含水量和一定深度范围内土体贮水量,TDR自动、连续监测土壤水分,用TDR实测土壤水分来估算作物不同生长发育期内农田实际蒸散量以及用于探讨农田水分空间变异性。还对TDR、中子仪和土钻法测定的土壤含水量进行了比较,结果表明,应用TDR测定农田土壤水分要优于中子仪和土钻法。     

基于自适应噪声抵消与小波滤波的GPS监测误差分析

对GPS载波相位测量误差进行了理论分析和试验研究。根据噪声特征以及它们对载波相位测量结果的影响，提出了基于自适应噪声抵消与小波滤波相结合的GPS噪声抑止方法。对具有强相关特性的多路径误差采用自适应噪声抵消方法，而对于不相关的高频噪声则通过合理选择小波分解层数对信号进行分解，对作用闽值后的小波系数进行重构，得到最后的变形信号。实测数据分析表明，该方法能有效地削弱多路径效应及测量随机噪声，较用单一方法对GPS数据进行消噪处理有较大的优越性。     

Electrical conductivity problems associated with time-domain reflectometry (TDR) measurement in geotechnical engineering

The effect of electrical conductivity (EC) of a dielectric material on its TDR-measured dielectric constant ε_a (called the apparent dielectric constant) was investigated both theoretically and experimentally. The effect of EC on the apparent dielectric constant ε_a was more pronounced at low frequency of the electromagnetic pulse applied to measure ε_a. The assumption of neglecting electrical losses in measuring the dielectric constant by TDR to represent ε_r was not valid for dielectric materials containing free charges, such as electrolyte solutions, bentonite clay, and saline soils. A theory is proposed to separate the real part of the dielectric constant ε_r from the TDR-measured ε_a in lossy dielectrics. An EC - ε_r relationship can be developed that would provide ε_a (=ε_r) at EC = 0 to be used to determine soil-water contents in conductive soils. Na-bentonite mixed with distilled water resulted in considerable magnitude of bulk EC due to the adsorbed cations on the surface of the particles. This EC caused energy loss of the TDR pulse that depended on the length of the probe rod. For a 4.5 cm long probe, the reflected TDR waveform was completely attenuated for EC between 3.05 dS m⁻¹ and 3.72 dS m⁻¹. The waveforms generated in this range of EC were not suitable for analysis by TDR-support software for dielectric constant. With the adsorbed cations, Na-bentonite behaved as a lossy or dispersive material. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

削弱GNSS多路径效应的半天球格网点建模方法

多路径效应与测站观测环境相关,无法利用差分的方式消除或削弱,是GPS精密数据处理时的主要误差源。为此,本文提出了一种利用半天球格网点模型削弱测站多路径误差影响的新方法MHGM(multi-point hemispherical grid model)。该方法对以测站为球心的半天球进行格网点划分,通过格网点的参数化描述,实现测站处多路径误差建模,可适用于现有各类GPS数据处理的软硬件设备和观测环境。本文算例的测试结果表明,采用新方法建模后双差观测值残差的RMS均值改善率平均在73.9%左右,较传统恒星日滤波方法的改善效果平均可提升26.9%,对于静态观测数据,按实时动态相对定位处理模式可获得平面精度约1.7 mm,高程精度约3.0 mm的定位结果。此外,MHGM模型还可进一步用于对测站周边可能存在的多路径误差源进行方位评估,对从物理意义上消除多路径误差源的影响给出一定的指导性意见。