Preliminary evaluation of the occurrence of herbicides and PAHs in the Wet Tropics region of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, using passive samplers

The proximity of the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) Marine Park to areas of intensive agriculture and increasing urbanisation places the park under potential threat of contamination by land-based pollutants. Passive samplers were deployed at inshore reef and river mouth sites in the Wet Tropics region of the GBR during a dry and a wet season to measure levels of land-based organic pollutants in this environment. Two types of passive sampling devices were deployed: (i) a polar sampler, which can be used to monitor polar herbicides and (ii) semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) which sequester more hydrophobic compounds (e.g. PAHs, chlorpyrifos). Herbicides (diuron, simazine, atrazine, hexazinone and/or flumeturon) were detected at low concentrations (ng L⁻¹) at all sites sampled and in both seasons. Chlorpyrifos was not detected while PAHs were present in SPMDs at levels below limits of detection. The results show that the GBR environment does contain low levels of organic pollutants and that passive sampling provides a sensitive monitoring tool for measuring waterborne organic pollutants.     

A simple method to vertically stabilize line-suspended,lightweight percussion coring equipment

An inexpensive improvement to lightweight percussion coring systems is presented. Non-stretching lines are often required to facilitate core sampling in hundreds of metres of water, unfortunately such lines are usually negatively buoyant, which creates difficulties in keeping lightweight core assemblies upright while lowering through the water column. The addition of urethane closed-cell foam to the core head creates buoyancy that vertically stabilizes the coring assembly within the water column and prevents the core barrel from contacting the sediment-water interface non-vertically.     

利用粒子滤波进行动态精密单点定位观测异常影响控制

采用粒子滤波控制观测异常影响,提高动态精密单点定位精度。粒子滤波是一种非高斯噪声分布的动态滤波,通过重点概率密度进行随机采样以获取高精度状态参数;根据观测噪声概率密度、状态噪声概率密度以及重点概率密度等因素确定粒子权值,降低受污染粒子对定位结果的影响;采用Kalman滤波进行重点采样,减缓粒子退化;采用单差无电离层固定模糊度,减少状态参数维数,进而减少粒子的选取个数。实测数据结果表明,粒子滤波有效控制了观测异常影响,提高了动态精密单点定位的精度。     

双频相位求差法探测与修复周跳特性分析

周跳的探测与修复是GPS载波相位数据处理中一项重要的任务。首先介绍了双频相位求差法探测与修复周跳的原理;其次,利用Fortran语言编制了相应的程序,并通过实例分析了在不同采样率下探测周跳与修复的效果;最后讨论了该方法探测周跳的不足。     

系统抽样方法在典型天然阔叶林调查中的应用

以福建省永安市麻岭村9 hm2的典型天然阔叶林为试验研究对象,应用系统抽样方法,分别200 m×100m、100 m×100 m、100 m×50 m和100 m×25 m四种抽样密度,探讨林分主要测树因子的抽样估计精度.结果表明:试验的天然阔叶林分平均树高、平均胸径、平均密度与平均单位面积蓄积量等主要测树因子的估计精度都分别要求达到70％以上、75％以上、80％以上和85％以上的最小抽样密度分别是100 m×100 m、100 m × 50 m、100m×50 m和10 0m×25 m.试验的天然阔叶林分胸径Ⅲ组林木蓄积量的估计精度分别要求达到70％以上、75％以上和80％以上的最小抽样密度分别是100 m×50 m、100 m×25 m和100 m×25 m.     

Optimization of mooring observations in Northern Bering Sea

The problem of the optimal sampling strategy for moored current velocity observations in the Northern Bering Sea is addressed. We analyze dynamically induced correlations in the North Bering Sea currents and conduct their sensitivity analysis to optimize positions of a limited number of moorings. Optimization of the sampling strategy is performed with respect to robustness of the reconstruction of the North Bering Sea circulation with a particular emphasis on the accurate monitoring of the mean Bering Strait transport. Computations reveal four major regions in the North Bering Sea basin that are highly correlated with the Bering Strait transport. Apart from the regions within the Bering Strait itself, they include the Anadyr Strait and a region 100 km south of the Cape of Prince of Wales. Results of the sensitivity analysis are tested in the framework of twin data experiments with the quasi-stationary and oscillatory background circulations.     

怀4井气体取样对水位观测干扰的解决措施

怀4井水位观测一直存在取气样所造成的干扰,其表现为水位分钟值曲线每天出现有规律的向上脉冲式突跳且持续时间较长,这使得数据连续率及完整率降低。为改变怀4井长期存在的取气样影响水位观测的现状,减少水位观测数据突跳次数,提高观测质量精度,针对取气样方式进行改进,采用球胆排水真空脱气法进行溶解气样品的采集与脱气,避开直接在泄流口采样时的压力效应,从而解决了水位观测中遇到的实际问题。     

全国分县土地经济系数计算方法及比较

阐述土地经济系数的设置意义和目标,针对全国分县土地经济系数计算,提出并分析比较了统计指标法和分区样点法等思路及其数学处理方法。其中统计指标法中的农业产值消耗法基础数据来源可靠、便利,便于操作,计算结果较好,符合土地经济系数含义要求。     

浅钻技术在宁夏青铜峡地区地质填图中的应用研究

通过在宁夏青铜峡地区的浅层取样钻探填图示范,介绍了浅层取样钻探设备和多种工艺方法在该地区的应用情况,总结了钻探填图遇到的问题并提出了解决方案。结合三维地质调查对钻探技术的具体要求,通过示范推广轻便浅层取样钻机具与工艺方法,使浅钻技术在浅覆盖区地质填图领域中得到应用。本文研究了适合该地区地质填图的钻探技术方法组合及钻探设备和取样器具。浅钻作为地质填图的一种技术方法可以有效地揭露覆盖层,获取基岩,提高了地质填图效率和精度,解决了制约覆盖区地质填图的技术难点,为浅覆盖区的地质填图工作提供可靠的钻探技术服务支撑。     

气袋采样法对还原硫化物测定的影响因素分析及机理研究

还原硫化物是一Z类典型的恶臭物质,其特点是活性高、不易储存,因此适宜的储存条件对还原硫化物的准确测定具有重要意义。本文使用气相色谱-质谱联用技术,从气袋材质、还原硫化物初始浓度、还原硫化物性质和储存时间四个因素探究袋采样法储存还原硫化物过程的损失情况。以Tedlar~? PVF和Teflon~? FEP为目标采样袋,使用5个初始浓度(0. 001、0. 010、0. 100、1. 000和10. 000μg/m L)的混合还原硫化物,选择0、2、6、12、24、48以及72h的储存时间,以响应因子和相对回收率作为评价因子,并使用配对t检验法和吸附动力学,研究影响储存效果的主要因素、物质损失机理以及两种采样袋的储存能力。结果表明,储存时间越长、物质初始浓度越高,物质活性越强,损失情况越严重;在环境温度达到60℃时,Tedlar~? PVF的基质背景较Teflon~? FEP更复杂;相同条件下,还原硫化物在Teflon~? FEP储存过程中损失更严重。依据研究结果建议:(1)样品采集后避光保存;(2)低浓度含硫样品的测定在采样后8h内完成,高浓度含硫样品的测定在2h内完成;(3)若待测样品气体温度较高,优先选择Teflon~? FEP采样袋,气体温度较低条件下选择Tedlar~? PVF采样袋,可最大限度保持样品的原始状态。本研究成果有利于确保还原硫化物样品的储存稳定性,最大限度还原恶臭污染现场情况,为恶臭污染的分析测试以及后续的恶臭污染控制与治理提供技术支持。