江汉—洞庭地区与黄广—九江地区更新统划分与对比

为进一步厘清长江中游江汉—洞庭地区与黄广—九江地区更新统划分与对比,在区域地质调查基础上,识别出区内早更新世砾石层与上覆网纹红土之间的不整合关系,辅以年代学研究,开展了长江中游江汉—洞庭地区与黄广—九江地区第四系研究,建立了区域地层划分与对比格架。研究表明: 白沙井砾石层、阳逻砾石层、宜昌砾石层、九江砾石层等是区内短程河流的冲洪积相沉积,时代为早更新世晚期(Qp₁),而上覆网纹红土则形成于中更新世(Qp₂),二者之间为不整合接触,并以此为基础构建了区内第四纪更新世地层格架; 白沙井砾石层、阳逻砾石层、宜昌砾石层、九江砾石层与上覆网纹红土所代表的水动力条件和沉积环境的重大调整是长江三峡续接贯通的环境响应,暗示了长江上游“川峡二江”续接贯通的时限为早—中更新世之交。     

解析法和数值法在丘陵地区矿坑涌水量预测中的比较

丘陵地区地下水资源不丰富,依赖于地下水的生态环境也比较脆弱。在开采该地区的矿产资源过程中,采矿排水对周边地下水资源的影响应成为值得注意的问题。以安徽省庐江县某一铁矿为例,采用解析法和数值法分别对该矿矿坑涌水量进行预测,并将两种方法的预测结果进行了对比分析。结果表明：在-500 m开采条件下,计算结果分别为41991．44 m3/d和3150 m3/d,得出数值法更适合水文地质复杂条件下矿坑用水量的预测,且与实测结果较为吻合,具有一定实用性,可为矿山制定防排水方案提供依据。     

Coronate echinoderms from the Ordovician of the Llanddowror area,South Wales

A large sample of coronates (over 90 specimens) from a narrow horizon in the Upper Ordovician, Sholeshook Limestone, at Talfan Farm, Llanddowror, South Wales allows assessment of variation and growth in a population of these rare Palaeozoic echinoderms. Variation is extensive and we synonymize two previously described species. This occurrence extends the stratigraphic range of Cupulocorona rugosa Donovan and Paul down to Cautleyan, Zone 2. Internal moulds reveal new morphological features, especially of the coronal canals. The flattened blade‐like and kite‐shaped portions support the idea that the coronal canals functioned in respiratory gas exchange by increasing the surface area. We suggest that internal currents flowed up the inner (adoral) canal and down the outer (aboral) canal. Quantitative estimates of flow rate suggest that a volume of coelomic fluid equivalent to the entire body cavity could be flushed through the coronal canals in 10 seconds at most. These coronates probably lived attached by a relatively long stem with a simple, conical holdfast and bent over in gentle currents. They seem to have been characteristic of relatively high‐energy environments and are not generally distributed in the Sholeshook Limestone of South Wales. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Evaluation of spring persistent rainfall over East Asia in CMIP3/CMIP5 AGCM simulations

The progress made fi＇om Phase 3 to Phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project （CMIP3 to CMIP5） in simulating spring persistent rainfall （SPR） over East Asia was examined from the outputs of nine atmospheric general circulation models （AGCMs）. The majority of the models overestimated the precipitation over the SPR domain, with the mean latitude of the SPR belt shifting to the north. The overestimation was about 1mm d-1 in the CMIP3 ensemble, and the northward displacement was about 3°, while in the CMIP5 ensemble the overestimation was suppressed to 0.7 mm d-i and the northward shift decreased to 2.5°. The SPR features a northeast-southwest extended rain belt with a slope of 0.4°N/°E. The CMIP5 ensemble yielded a smaller slope （0.2°N/°E）, whereas the CMIP3 ensemble featured an unre- alistic zonally-distributed slope. The CMIP5 models also showed better skill in simulating the interannual variability of SPR. Previous studies have suggested that the zonal land-sea thermal contrast and sensible heat flux over the southeastern Tibetan Plateau are important for the existence of SPR. These two ther- mal factors were captured well in the CMIP5 ensemble, but underestimated in the CMIP3 ensemble. The variability of zonal land-sea thermal contrast is positively correlated with the rainfall amount over the main SPR center, but it was found that an overestimated thermal contrast between East Asia and South China Sea is a common problem in most of the CMIP3 and CMIP5 models. Simulation of the meridional thermal contrast is therefore important for the future improvement of current AGCMs.     

人工神经网络法和线性回归法对降水相态的预报效果对比

本文主要对相同条件下线性回归法(LR)和人工神经网络法(ANN)对降雨、雨夹雪和降雪3种降水相态的预报效果进行了对比检验.选取降水发生时和发生前6h的地面2 m温度、露点温度作为预报因子,对降雨、雨夹雪和降雪进行预报.应用国家气象中心2001-2011年我国地面756站实况观测资料,其中应用2001-2010年资料对方法进行训练,2011年资料用来对比检验预报效果.结果显示,(1)两种方法对3种相态降水都有一定的预报能力,对降雪预报最好,其次是降雨和雨夹雪;(2)两种方法对北方的雨雪分界线预报比对南方的好;(3)无论是对全国还是长江中下游流域,在相同条件下,ANN法的预报效果大都优于LR法,当温度和露点温度预报准确时,ANN法对北方的雨雪分界线能进行较准确的预报.     

三种活跃火遥感产品（MODIS C6、VIIRS V1和VIIRS J1）一致性与差异性对比

MODIS C6、VIIRS V1和VIIRS J1是NASA火灾信息资源管理系统（FIRMS）2020年首次同步发布的三套全球活跃火遥感产品。鉴于卫星过赤道时间、空间分辨率、火情监测算法有别,分析MODIS和VIIRS不同活跃火产品监测结果一致性和差异性,对明确不同火产品的适用性至关重要。利用中南半岛同年活跃火矢量产品,通过GIS渔网（1 km）定量分析不同时间尺度（全年、旱/雨季和昼/夜）活跃火发生的频次与强度特征,横向对比了三套活跃火产品的一致性与差异。结果表明：① 中南半岛三套产品逐月发生频次一致性最高,逐日次之,逐时最低。全年“有火区”格网占比37.23%,其中VIIRS相应比重三倍于MODIS,且J1略高于V1。三套产品两两比较时,VIIRS V1/VIIRS J1组合总体一致性最高,VIIRS J1/MODIS C6组合一致性最低。② 三套产品旱季“有火区”占比、活跃火发生频次与强度均显著高于雨季,且VIIRS V1与J1活跃火发生强度空间分布一致性更高。旱季V1活跃火累积发生频次最高、发生强度更强;雨季J1相应频次最高,发生强度较强。③ 三套产品白天“有火区”占比、活跃火累积发生频次均高于夜间,发生强度空间分布一致性亦高于夜间,其中VIIRS V1与J1夜间一致性最高。且昼/夜V1活跃火累积发生频次和“有火区”占比均最高,但J1发生强度最强。④ VIIRS V1与J1监测精度更高,空间覆盖范围更广,且VIIRS V1更适用于旱季、白天和夜间活跃火相关研究,而VIIRS J1对雨季活跃火的探测水平更高,但MODIS C6的优势在于历史数据丰富。     

一种同步卫星授时方法

本文简要分析了当前采用的各种时刻比对方法和技术，强调指出了静止卫星共视法在当前我国时刻比对工作中的实际应用价值，并对亚星一号进行了动力学定轨及时刻比对实验．实算结果表明：在现有的观测精度下，对亚星一号进行微分轨道改进后，可使共视法比对的事后处理精度优于１μｓ，其预报精度在１—２天内可达１μｓ，在一个星期内也只有几个微秒．     

与进供进的时间工作

20世纪50年代以来计算机技术、信息科学和空间科学的发展对高精度时间频率提出了日益增长的需求，电子技术、空间技术和量子物理的发展推动了高精度时间频率领域的学科发展和技术进步。简要介绍时间尺度、UT1的测定技术、守时钟、时间同步技术和授时手段各方面半个世纪的飞速发展，并展望未来时间工作的前景。     

Marine Ingressive Events Recorded in Epicontinental Sequences: Example from the Cretaceous Songliao Basin of NE China in Comparison with the Triassic Central Europe Basin of SW Germany

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云南天文台激光测距中使用的光电探测器

阐述了云南天文台1.2m望远镜卫星激光测距中所使用的光电探测器,并对它们的性能和使用效果做了比较。结果表明,C SPAD是目前测距精度最高的单光子探测器。同时还论述了激光测距的工作原理和近几年来云南天文台激光测距的情况。从对GPS35、36卫星的观测结果表明,云南天文台已具备了一定的对远程卫星的测距能力,为今后远程测距、测月打下了良好的基础。