四明山脉溪流区水产经济动物棘胸蛙(Paa spinosa)同生群两性亲体间的形质差异

随机选取养殖于四明山脉溪流区的棘胸蛙3年龄同生群人工养成群体中的雌、雄亲体各84只作为研究材料,采用聚类分析、主成分分析和判别分析方法研究了棘胸蛙同生群两性亲体间的形质差异。结果表明:(1)在所涉20项生物学测定指标和25项形质评价指标中,两性亲体间具显著差异的分别为17项和16项,两者基于形质评价指标均值计算所得的欧氏距离为0.305(P0.01);(2)经主成分分析,提取到的5个特征值均大于1的主成分,累计贡献率达80.841%,其中第一主成分可归为与脏器质量配置相关的能量代谢因子,第二主成分可归为以头宽和吻长为代表的与口腔空间大小有关的食物吞咽因子,后三个主成分可归为以足肢比和眼间距为代表的与寻食、跳跃和抱食能力相关的捕食功能因子;(3)采用逐步判别法,以判别贡献率较大的L1(前足长/前肢长)、L5(吻长/肩宽)、L7(眼间距/头宽)、W2(胃质量/心质量)、W4(肺质量/心质量)、W6(性腺质量/心质量)为自变量,所建Fisher分类函数方程组可较清晰地区分棘胸蛙两性亲体,雌、雄亲体判别准确率P1、P2分别为84.52%、83.53%和83.33%、84.34%,综合判别率为83.93%。     

海带中12 种元素ICP-OES 检测的三种前处理方法对比研究

运用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry,ICP-OES)比较研究了干法灰化、湿法消解和微波消解3种前处理方法对海带样品中Se、Fe、Mn、Zn、Ca、Mg、P、As、Cd、Cr、Cu和Pb 12种元素含量测定的影响。结果表明,不同前处理方法对微量元素的测定结果会产生不同程度的影响。干法灰化对易挥发元素As等带来明显的负误差;湿法消解由于加入的消解液量大,对低含量的微量元素常带来较大的试剂空白;微波消解法相对于其他两种前处理方法适于样品的快速消解,具有操作简便、试剂用量少、操作误差小等优点,检测结果具备较高的准确度、精密度和回收率,对海带样品微波消解ICP-OES检测的相对标准偏差为0.29%~2.63%,加标回收率为87.3%~103.6%。微波消解是海带等海洋生物样品中微量元素测定较理想的前处理方法。     

1976年7月唐山7．8级地震的震前地温突升异常

通过对唐山地震气象背景分析,揭示了唐山和昌黎两个测站的80cm地温日变率在震前4天分别突升1．1℃和1．2℃。对这种异常现象进行了天气气候分析,震中区与外围站对比分析以及滤波分析等,并论证为是来自地下深处影响所致。还对震前地温突升成因给与一定的解释。     

宽额鲈染色体核型研究及制作方法的比较

本文首次在鱼类染色体研究中采用静脉抽血肾细胞制片法获得了形态清晰的宽额鲈染色体核型。同时比较了静脉抽血肾细胞制片法与PHA、秋水仙素腹腔注射肾细胞制片的常规鱼类染色体制片法制片效果上的差异．结果表明，两种制片方法获得的宽额鲈染色体核型均为2n=48=4st 44t，NF=50．静脉抽血肾细胞制片法在获得较好染色体中期分裂相的同时还获得部分染色体后期分裂相。但由于该方法未使用秋水仙素。获得染色体中期分裂相相对较少．     

四明山脉溪流区水产经济动物棘胸蛙(Paa spinosa)成体形态性状对体质量和净体质量影响效应的性别差异

随机选取养殖于四明山脉溪流区的棘胸蛙3年龄同生群人工养成群体中的雌、雄成熟个体各84只作为研究材料,采用多元回归分析方法研究了鼻间距(INS)、眼间距(IS)、眼径(ED)、吻长(SL)、头长(HL)、头宽(HW)、肩宽(SW)、前肢长(FLL)、前肢臂长(FAL)、前足长(FFL)、后肢长(HLL)、后足长(HFL)、肩肛距(SAL)、体长(SUL)、体积(BV)等15项形态性状对体质量(BW)和净体质量(NW)影响效应的性别差异。结果表明:(1)除IS、ED、SL等3项形态性状测量值无性别差异外,其余12项形态性状及BW、NW测量值均呈雄性显著大于雌性(P0.05);(2)各形态性状与雄性测定群体的BW和NW测量值均呈显著相关(P0.05),而与雌性BW和NW测量值未呈显著相关的形态性状则分别为ED、SL、FFL和ED、SL、HL(P0.05);(3)经通径分析,雄性被保留的形态性状与BW、NW的复相关指数分别为0.952和0.939,雌性被保留的形态性状对BW、NW的复相关指数分别为0.922和0.860,其中影响两者BW和NW的决定性变量均为BV;(4)经多元回归分析,本文分别给出了用于估算棘胸蛙两性成体BW和NW的回归方程。     

基于椭圆型滑动面的砂土中条形锚板上拔承载力计算方法

对于砂土中的竖向拉拔锚板,锚周土体滑动面的形态会随埋深比的增大而发生变化。基于滑动面连续演化的观点,审视了既有统一模型中滑动面形态表征函数的不足,在此基础上,提出了一种新的椭圆形态函数,并建立了相应的统一力学分析模型,提出了新的承载力计算方法。结果表明：新的形态函数能更好地反映滑动面的实际形态,承载力计算新方法也表现出了更好的适应性。     

A comparative study of seismic tomography models of Southwest China

The margin of the Tibetan Plateau of Southwest China is one of the most seismically active regions of China and is the location of the China Seismic Experimental Site (CSES). Many studies have developed seismic velocity models of Southwest China, but few have compared and evaluated these models which is important for further model improvement. Thus, we compared six published seismic shear-wave velocity models of Southwest China on absolute velocity and velocity perturbation patterns. The models are derived from different types of data (e.g., surface waves from ambient noise and earthquakes, body-wave travel times, receiver functions) and inversion methods. We interpolated the models into a uniform horizontal grid (0.5° × 0.5°) and vertically sampled them at 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 60 km depths. We found significant differences between the six models. Then, we selected three of them that showed greater consistency for further comparison. Our further comparisons revealed systematic biases between models in absolute velocity that may be related to different data types. The perturbation pattern of the model is especially divergent in the shallow part, but more consistent in the deep part. We conducted synthetic and inversion tests to explore possible causes and our results imply that systematic differences between the data, differences in methods, and other factors may directly affect the model. Therefore, the Southwest China velocity model still has considerable room for improvement, and the impact of inconsistency between different data types on the model needs further research. Finally, we proposed a new reference shear-wave velocity model of Southwest China (SwCM-S1.0) based on the three selected models with high consistency. We believe that this model is a better representation of more robust features of the models that are based on different data sets.     

不同水深条件下沉水植物苦草（Vallisneria natans）的形态响应和生长策略

苦草(Vallisneria natans)为我国常见的沉水植物之一,目前对水生态修复工程后苦草种群生长策略尚缺乏深入了解.以水生态修复工程1年后的苦草种群为研究对象,探讨水深对苦草叶片、匍匐茎、块茎等形态特征和苦草株数、匍匐茎数以及生物量等种群参数的影响,并分析水深胁迫下苦草的生长策略.结果表明,随着水深增加,尽管苦草单位面积株数和单位面积匍匐茎数均显著降低,但叶片长度、叶片宽度、叶片厚度、叶面积、匍匐茎长度、匍匐茎粗和块茎粗随水深显著增加,因而,苦草地上生物量也显著增加.其中,叶片长度和叶面积变异较大,对水深变化敏感,而叶片宽度、叶片厚度、匍匐茎长度、匍匐茎粗和块茎粗变异不大,对水深变化敏感程度低.在低光照胁迫下,苦草在亲株生长和子株输出之间存在权衡,一方面通过增加叶片投资保障亲株的资源利用效率,一方面通过降低亲株密度保障子株生长发育,从而实现种群空间生态位扩展和持续更新.在水生态修复工程中,考虑苦草的种群更新能力和施工的可操作性,在透明度为1.0~1.5m的条件下,苦草的适宜种植水深为0.5~1.0 m.     

Restoring a glacier-fed river: Past and present morphodynamics of a degraded channel in the Italian Alps

The present study explores the evolutionary trajectory of the glacier-fed Mareit River (South Tyrol, Italian Alps), where a large restoration programme was implemented in 2008–2009. River corridor changes before and after the restoration works were assessed using historical maps, recent field observations, topographic surveys and topographic differencing. Trends of anthropic (forest cover, channel works, gravel mining) and natural (glacial cover, precipitation, flow regime) factors controlling channel morphology – at both catchment and reach scales – were reconstructed. From the mid-19th century, the evolutionary trajectory of the Mareit River followed a degradational trend, characterized by channel narrowing, bed incision and planform simplification. Direct, in-channel human alterations – mainly in the form of bank protections (in the late 19th century), gravel mining (mostly in the 1970s) and grade-control works (since the 1980s) – dominated the historical adjustments before the restoration. In 2008–2009, a segment of the Mareit was restored by widening the channel, partly removing the check-dams and shaping a braided pattern within a laterally constrained corridor. Post-work monitoring shows that the restoration improved both the morphological quality and the geomorphic diversity. At present, the channel is subject to narrowing and slight bed level incision, with islands and floodplains progressively expanding at the expenses of the active channel. This trend is likely to continue in the next decades based on the expected future flow regime, and indeed the Mareit River seems to be attaining a ‘miniaturized’ version of the anabranching pattern of the mid-19th century. Overall, this restoration approach and the associated evolutionary trajectory is considered positive, because it leads to a complex mosaic of geomorphic units, dynamically self-adjusting to the time-varying driving variables. The formation of a morphodynamically active corridor, while keeping artificially non-erodible boundaries, represents an optimal strategy to integrate ecological improvements with flood risk mitigation in the densely populated Alpine valleys. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Evaluating the performance of topobathymetric LiDAR to support multi-dimensional flow modelling in a gravel-bed mountain stream

Stream biophysical processes are commonly studied using multi-dimensional numerical modelling that quantifies flow hydraulics from which parameters such as habitat suitability, stream carrying capacity, and bed mobility are derived. These analyses would benefit from accurate high-resolution stream bathymetries spanning tens of kilometres of channel, especially in small streams or where navigation is difficult. Traditional ground-based survey methods are limited by survey time, dense vegetation and stream access, and are usually only feasible for short reaches. Conversely, airborne topobathymetric LiDAR surveys may overcome these limitations, although limited research is available on how errors in LiDAR-derived digital elevation models (DEMs) might propagate through flow models. This study investigated the performance of LiDAR-derived topobathymetry in support of multi-dimensional flow modelling and ecohydraulics calculations in two gravel-bedded reaches (approximately 200 m long), one morphologically complex and one morphologically simple, and at the segment scale (32 km-long stream segment) along a 15 m-wide river in central Idaho, USA. We compared metre and sub-metre-resolution DEMs generated from RTK-GPS ground and Experimental Advanced Airborne Research LiDAR-B (EAARL-B) surveys and water depths, velocities, shear stresses, habitat suitability, and bed mobility modelled with two-dimensional (2D) hydraulic models supported by LiDAR and ground-surveyed DEMs. Residual statistics, bias (B), and standard deviation (SD) of the residuals between depth and velocity predicted from the model supported by LiDAR and ground-survey topobathymetries were up to −0.04 (B) and 0.09 m (SD) for depth and −0.09 (B) and 0.20 m s⁻¹ (SD) for velocity. The accuracy (B = 0.05 m), precision (SD = 0.09 m), and point density (1 point m⁻²) of the LiDAR topobathymetric survey (regardless of reach complexity) were sufficient to support 2D hydrodynamic modelling and derivative stream habitat and process analyses, because these statistics were comparable to those of model calibration with B = 0 m and SD = 0.04 m for water surface elevation and B = 0.05 m s⁻¹ and SD = 0.22 m s⁻¹ for velocity in our investigation. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.